The eighth article in the "Mesopotamian Influence" season of BET KANU Magazine explores four of the most important historical capitals of the Assyrian Empire: Ashur, Calah (Nimrud), Dur-Sharrukin (Khorsabad), and Nineveh. These capitals highlight the development of architecture, engineering systems, and the rich imperial administration in the civilization of Mesopotamia.
ܥܽܘܬܳܕܳܐ
ܒܡܶܬܚܳܐ ܕܙ݄ܕ ܡܶܢ̱ ܐܰܠܦܳܐ ܐ݄ܫܢ̈ܶܐ، ܢܩ݄ܠّܶܗ ܗ̄ܰܡܰܠܟ̈ܶܐ ܐܳܬ̥ܽܘܪ̈ܳܝܶܐ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܐܰܪܺܝܫܟܳܝܬܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܐܶܡܦ̊ܪܳܛܽܘܪܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܡܶܢ̱ ܡܕܺܝܢ̱ܬ̥ܳܐ ܠܡܕܺܝܢ̱ܬ̥ܳܐ، ܘܠܟܽܘܠ ܚܕܳܐ ܡܰܢ̱ ܐܰܪ̈ܺܝܫܟܳܝܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܟ݄ܬ ܗ̄ܘܰܝ ܠܰܗ ܕܰܘܪܳܐ ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܙܰܒܢܰܝܕ̥ܰܗ ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܒܶܢܝܳܢܳܐ ܘܽܗ̄ܘ ܬܶܪܺܝܒ̥ܳܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܐܰܬ̥ܪܳܐ. ܘܰܡܕܺܝܢ̈ܳܬ̥ܰܢܺܝ ܠܰܝ̱ܬ ܗ̄ܘܰܝ ܢܶܝ ܒܰܠܚܽܘܕ ܩܶܢܛܪ̈ܽܘܢܶܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܫܽܘܠܛܳܢܳܐ، ܐܶܠܳܐ ܩܶܢܛܪ̈ܽܘܢܶܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܦܳܘܠܺܝܛܺܝܩܝ ܘܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܡܕܰܒܪܳܢܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܘܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܝܽܘܠܦܳܢܳܐ ܘܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܡܰܚܳܪܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ. ܘܡܰܢّܶܗ ܡܫܰܪܶܐ ܠ݄ܗ̱ܢ ܗ̄ܰܫܽܘܡܠܳܝ̈ܶܐ ܗ̄ܰܥܒܳܕ̈ܶܐ ܪ̈ܰܒܶܐ ܕܣ݄ܡ ܠ݄ܗ̱ܢ ܡܶܢ̱ ܐܳܬ̥ܽܘܪ ܚܕܳܐ ܡܰܢ ܐܶܡܦ̊ܪܳܛܽܘܪ̈ܘܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܪ̈ܰܒܶܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܥܳܠܡܳܐ ܥܰܬܺܝܩܳܐ.
ܗ̄ܰܢ ܐܰܪܒܰܥ ܐܰܪ̈ܺܝܫܟܳܝܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܓܡܶܫܓ̥ܳܠܺܝܢܰܐ ܐܰܥܠܰܝّܶܗ، ܟܡܰܚܟ݄ܢ ܬܰܫܥܺܝܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܛܽܘܘܳܪܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܐܶܡܦ̊ܪܳܛܽܘܪܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܐܳܬ̥ܽܘܪܳܝܬܳܐ، ܡܽܗ̄ܘ ܙܰܒܢܳܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܫܽܘܬܳܐܣܰܝܕܰܗ ܗܳܠ ܕܡܰܛܝܳܐ ܠܕܰܪܓ݂ܳܐ ܥܶܠܳܝܳܐ ܠܽܗ̄ܘ ܚܰܝܠܰܝܕܰܗ.
ܐܰܫܽܘܪ… ܐܰܝܟܳܐ ܕ݄ܡܫܰܪܶܗ ܠܰܗ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܐܶܡܦ̊ܪܳܛܽܪܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܐܰܪܺܝܫܟܳܝܬܳܐ ܐܳܬ̥ܽܘܪܳܝܬܳܐ ܩܰܕ̱ܡܰܝܬܳܐ
ܗ̄ܺܝ ܡܕܺܝܢ̱ܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܰܐܫܽܘܪ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܐܰܪܺܝܫܟܳܝܬܳܐ ܩܰܕ̱ܡܰܝܬܳܐ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܐܶܡܦ̊ܪܳܛܽܘܪܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ، ܘܡܶܢܰܗ ܡ݄ܕܪܠܰܗ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܐܶܡܦ̊ܪܳܛܽܘܪܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܐ݄ܫܡܳܐ ܘܺܗ̄ܝ ܗܺܝܝܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ.
ܘܥܰܠ ܝܰܕ ܢܰܗܪܳܐ ܕܕܶܩܠܰܬ ܝܰܪܺܝܒ̥ܳܐ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܡܕܺܝܢ̱ܬ̥ܳܐ ܘܗܰܘܝܳܐ ܐܟ̥ ܕܩܶܢܛܪܽܘܢܳܐ ܬܰܘܕܺܝܬ̥ܳܢܳܝܳܐ ܘܦܳܘܠܺܝܛܺܝܩܳܝܳܐ. ܘܶܐܒܰܗ ܒܢܶܐ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܗܰܝܟܠܳܐ ܕܐܰܠܳܗܳܐ ܐܰܫܽܘܪ. ܘ݄ܛܥ݄ܢ ܠܰܗ ܐܶܫܡܶܗ. ܘܰܐܫܘܪ ܗܰܘܺܝ ܪܶܡܙܳܐ ܠܽܗ̄ܘ ܚܽܘܝܳܕܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܐܶܡܦ̊ܪܳܛܽܘܪܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܘܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܚܰܝܠܰܝܕܰܗ.
ܘܰܐܫܽܘܪ ܠܰܝ̱ܬ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܒܰܠܚܽܘܕ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܐܰܪܺܝܫܟܳܝܬܳܐ ܩܰܕ̱ܡܰܝܬܳܐ، ܐܶܠܳܐ ܗܰܘܝܳܐ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܠܶܒܳܐ ܪܽܘܚܳܢܳܝܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܐܶܡܦ̊ܪܳܛܽܘܪܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܗܳܠ ܕܒ݄ܬ̥݄ܪ ܡܽܗ̄ܘ ܢܩܳܠܐ ܕܗ̄ܺܝ ܐܰܪܺܝܫܟܳܝܬܳܐ ܠ݄ܡܕܺܝ̈ܢܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܐ̱ܚܪ̈ܶܢܶܐ. ܘܰܡܰܠܟ̈ܶܐ ܟ݄ܕܥܪܺܝ ܗ̄ܘܰܘ ܐܶܠܰܗ ܕܡ݄ܫܬܰܘܬ݄ܦܺܝ ܒܰܛّܶܟܣ̈ܶܐ ܬܰܘܕܺܝܬ̥ܳܢܳܝ̈ܶܐ ܘܽܗ̄ܘ ܚܽܘܕܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܢܳܡܽܘܣܽܘܝܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܫܽܘܠܛܳܢܰܬ̥ܶܗ. ܘܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܶܕܰܢܳܐ ܛܪܶܐ ܠܶܗ ܕܗܽܘܝܳܐ ܪܶܡܙܳܐ ܐܰܡܺܝܢܳܐ ܠܺܗ̄ܝ ܗܺܝܝܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܐܳܬ̥ܽܘܪܳܝܬܳܐ ܘܽܗ̄ܘ ܚܽܘܝܳܕܳܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܥܰܡܰܝܕܰܗ.
ܟܰܠܚܳܘ (ܢܶܡܪܽܘܕ)... ܗ̄ܺܝ ܡܕܺܝܢ̱ܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܰܬܰܘܪ̈ܶܐ ܓܶܦܳܢܳܝ̈ܶܐ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܐܰܪܺܝܫܟܳܝܬܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܐܶܡܦ̊ܪܳܛܽܘܪܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܕܳܪܳܐ ܕܰܬ݄ܫܥܳܐ ܘܕܰܬܡܰܢܝܳܐ ܡܶܢ̱ ܩ݄ܕ̱ܡ ܡܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܰܘܠܳܕܳܐ
ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܕܳܪܳܐ ܕܰܬ݄ܫܥܳܐ ܡܶܢ̱ ܩ݄ܕ̱ܡ ܡܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܰܘܠܳܕܳܐ، ܒܢܶܐ ܠܶܗ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܡܰܠܟܳܐ ܐܰܫܽܘܪ ܢܰܨܶܪܦܰܠ ܕܰܬܪܶܝ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܡܕܺܝܢ̱ܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܟܰܠܚܳܘ ܘܣܺܝܡܳܐ ܠܶܗ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܐܰܪܺܝܫܟܳܝܬܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܐܶܡܦ̊ܪܳܛܽܘܪܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ، ܘܡܶܢܰܗ ܡܫܰܪܶܐ ܠܶܗ ܡܰܫܩܠܳܐ ܚܰܕ̱ܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܚܰܝܠܳܐ ܘܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܘܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܡܰܘܪܒܳܢܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܘܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܪܰܒܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ.
ܘܟ݄ܬ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܒܺܗ̄ܝ ܡܕܺܝܢ̱ܬ̥ܰܬ̥ܶܐ ܚܰܕ̱ ܡܰܢ̱ ܩܨܪ̈ܶܐ ܡܰܠܟܳܝ̈ܶܐ ܬܡܺܝܗ̈ܶܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܥܳܠܡܳܐ ܥܰܬܺܝܩܳܐ، ܘܰܫܽܘܪ̈ܳܢܶܐ ܣܩܺܝ̈ܠܶܐ ܗ̄ܘܰܝܢܶܗ ܒܡܰܐܘ̈ܰܬ̥ܳܐ ܕ݄ܢܩܳܫ̈ܶܐ ܕܰܟܶܐܦ̈ܶܐ ܕܟܳܡܰܚܘ݄ܢ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܓܰܝܣܳܐ ܘܽܗ̄ܘ ܨܰܝܕܳܐ ܘܰܚܰܝ̈ܶܐ ܝܰܘܡܳܝ̈ܶܐ، ܘ݄ܒܥܰܝܢܺܝ ܙܰܒܢܳܐ ܟ݄ܬ ܗ̄ܘܰܘ̱ ܬܰܘܪ̈ܶܐ ܓܶܦܳܢܳܝ̈ܶܐ ܟܰܠܝ̈ܶܐ ܟܳܢܳܛܪܺܝ ܗ̄ܘܰܘ̱ ܩ݄ܕ̱ܡ ܗ̄ܰܬܰܪܥ̈ܶܐ ܕܰܩܨܪ̈ܶܐ ܘܕܰܗ̈ܝܟܠܶܐ. ܘܗܰܘ݄ܢ ܚܰܕ̱ ܡܰܢ̱ ܪّܶܡܙ̈ܶܐ ܡܫܰܡܗ̈ܶܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܐܰܡܢܳܐ ܘܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܐܰܪܕܶܟ̥ܠܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܐܳܬ̥ܽܘܪܳܝܬܳܐ.
ܘܡܰܢ̱ ܥܰܬܺܝܩ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܡܫܰܡܗ̈ܶܐ، ܗ̄ܺܝ ܩܳܝ݄ܡܬܳܐ ܐ̱ܟ݄ܡܬܳܐ ܕܫܶܠܡܰܢܶܨܰܪ ܕܰܬܠܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܟ݄ܬ ܝܳܐ ܚܰܕ̱ ܡܰܢ̱ ܡܰܒܥ̈ܶܐ ܡܰܟܬ̥ܰܒܙܰܒܢܳܝ̈ܶܐ ܐܳܠܨܳܝ̈ܶܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܡܶܣܬܰܟܠܳܢܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܰܟܬ̥ܰܒܙܰܒܢܳܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܰܕܶܢܚܳܐ.
ܕܽܘܪ ܫܰܪܽܘܟܺܝܢ (ܚܽܘܪܣܰܒܰܕ) … ܗ̄ܺܝ ܡܕܺܝܢ̱ܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܒܰܢܝܳܐ ܡܽܗ̄ܘ ܣܦܺܝܩܳܐ ܐܰܘܟܺܝܬ ܡܶܢ̱ ܠܳܐ ܡܶܕܶܐ. ܗ̄ܺܝ ܐܰܪܺܝܫܟܳܝܬܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܚܰܪܰܝܬܳܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܕܳܪܳܐ ܕܰܬܡܰܢܝܳܐ ܡܶܢ̱ ܩ݄ܕ̱ܡ ܡܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܰܘܠܳܕܳܐ
ܡܫܰܬܰܐܣ ܠܶܗ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܡܰܠܟܳܐ ܣܰܪܓܳܘܢ ܕܰܬܪܶܝܢ̱ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܡܕܺܝܢ̱ܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܕܽܘܪ ܫܰܪܽܘܟܺܝܢ ܕܽܗ̄ܘܝܳܐ ܐܰܪܺܝܫܟܳܝܬܳܐ ܚܰܕ̱ܬ̥ܬܳܐ ܕܡܰܚ݄ܘܝܳܐ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܚܰܝܠܳܐ ܘܽܗ̄ܘ ܛܽܘܟܳܣܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܐܶܡܦ̊ܪܳܛܽܘܪܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ، ܡܰܗ̄ܘܟ̥ܰܐ ܒܰܢܝܳܐ ܘܡܰܥ݄ܡܪܳܐ ܟܽܘܠܰܗ ܡܶܢ̱ ܚܰܕ̱ܬ̥ܳܐ ܠܦܽܘܬ̥ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܪܫܳܡܳܐ ܡܰܚܳܪܳܝܳܐ ܓܡܺܝܪܳܐ ܕܟ݄ܬ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܡܶܩ݄ܕ̱ܡ ܡܽܗ̄ܘ ܙܰܒܢܰܝܕܶܗ.
ܘܦܪܺܝ݄ܫܬܳܐ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܒܰܫܽܘܪ̈ܳܢܰܝܕܰܗ ܗ̄ܰܪ̈ܰܒܶܐ، ܘܰܬܰܪ̈ܥܶܐ ܣܩܺܝ̈ܠܶܐ ܒܰܬܰܘܪ̈ܶܐ ܓܶܦܳܢܳܝ̈ܶܐ، ܘܩܰܨܪܳܐ ܡܰܠܟܳܝܳܐ ܪܰܒܳܐ، ܘܐܽܘܪ̈ܚܶܐ ܕܣܺܝܡܺܝ ܒܝܰܨܺܝܦܽܘܬ݂ܳܐ، ܘܗܰܘܟ̥ܰܐ ܗܰܘܝܳܐ ܚܰܕ̱ ܡܰܢ̱ ܫܽܘܡܠܳܝ̈ܶܐ ܥܒܕ̈ܶܐ ܐܪ̈ܕܶܟ̥ܠܳܝܶܐ ܬܡܺܝܗ̈ܶܐ ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܰܟܬ̥ܰܒܙܰܒܢܳܐ ܐܳܬ̥ܽܘܪܳܝܳܐ.
ܘܥܰܡ ܕܠܳܐ ܦܰܝܺܝܫܳܐ ܐܰܪܺܝܫܟܳܝܬܳܐ ܐܶܠܳܐ ܠܟܡܳܐ ܐ݄ܫܢ̈ܶܐ ܒܰܠܚܽܘܕ ܒ݄ܬ̥݄ܪ ܡܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܰܘܬܳܐ ܕܣܰܪܓܳܘܢ ܕܰܬܪܶܝ، ܐܶܠܳܐ ܗܰܘܝܳܐ ܣܳܗܕܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܥܰܠ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܗܰܘܢܳܐ ܕܰܗ̄ܢ ܐܳܬ̥ܽܘܪ̈ܳܝܶܐ ܕܟܳܩ݄ܕܪܺܝ ܗ̄ܘܰܘ̱ ܕܒܳܢ݄ܢ ܡܕܺܝܢ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܡܰܠܟܳܝ̈ܶܐ ܓܡܺܝܪ̈ܶܐ ܒܙܰܒܢܳܐ ܟܰܪܝܳܐ، ܘܗܳܠ ܐܳܥܕܳܐ ܗ̄ܰܥܰܬܺܝܩܳܬ̥ܰܝܕܰܗ ܡܰܢ̱ ܛܽܘܦܣ̈ܶܐ ܥܰܫܺܝܢ̈ܶܐ ܢܶܝ ܕܰܣܽܘܪ̈ܳܛܶܐ ܐܰܪ̈ܕܶܟ̥ܠܳܝܶܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܥܳܠܡܳܐ ܥܰܬܺܝܩܳܐ.
ܢܺܝܢܘܶܐ … ܗ̄ܺܝ ܡܰܪܓܳܢܺܝܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܐܶܡܦ̊ܪܳܛܽܘܪܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܐܳܬ̥ܽܘܪܳܝܬܳܐ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܐܰܪܺܝܫܟܳܝܬܳܐ ܚܰܪܰܝܬܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܐܶܡܦ̊ܪܳܛܽܘܪܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܐܳܬ̥ܽܘܪܳܝܬܳܐ
ܗ̄ܺܝ ܐܶܡܦ̊ܪܳܛܽܘܪܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܐܳܬ̥ܽܘܪܳܝܬܳܐ ܡܰܛܝܳܐ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܠܥ݄ܠ ܕܰܪܓ̥ܳܐ ܒܺܗ̄ܝ ܪܰܒܽܘܬ̥ܰܝܕܰܗ ܐܶܡܰܐ ܕܗܰܘܝܳܐ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܢܺܝܢܘܶܐ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܐܰܪܺܝܫܟܳܝܬܳܐ ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܙܰܒܢܳܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܰܠܟܳܐ ܣܰܢܚܰܪܺܝܒ ܘܰܐܫܽܘܪ ܒܰܢܺܐܦܰܠ، ܘܗܰܘܝܳܐ ܚܕܳܐ ܡܰܢ̱ ܡܕܺܝܢ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܪ̈ܰܒܶܐ ܘܥܰܬܺܝܪ̈ܶܐ ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܥܳܠܡܳܐ ܥܰܬܺܝܩܳܐ.
ܟ݄ܬ ܗ̄ܘܰܝ ܠܰܗ ܫܽܘܪ̈ܶܐ ܚܶܕܳܪܰܗ ܒܝܽܘܪܟ̥ܳܐ ܕ 12 ܟܺܝܠܳܘܡܺܝܬܪ̈ܶܐ ܥܰܡ 15 ܬܰܪ̈ܥܶܐ ܪ̈ܰܒܶܐ ܒܓܰܘܰܝّܶܗ، ܘ݄ܒܥܰܝܢܺܝ ܙܰܒܢܳܐ ܡܫܰܬܰܐܣ ܠܶܗ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܡܰܠܟܳܐ ܣܰܢܚܰܪܺܝܒ ܢܰܘܠܳܐ ܡܫܰܘܫܛܳܐ ܕܒܽܘܒܝ̈ܶܐ ܘܓܺܝܫܪ̈ܶܐ ܕܡܰܝ̈ܶܐ ܕܡܳܛ݄ܢ ܗ̄ܰܡَܝ̈ܶܐ ܠܺܗ̄ܝ ܡܕܺܝܢ̱ܬ̥ܳܐ، ܘܗܰܢܳܐ ܚܰܕ̱ ܡܰܢ̱ ܬܰܪ̈ܡܝܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܪ̈ܰܒܶܐ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܡܰܚܳܪܽܘܬ̥ܐ ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܙܰܒܢܰܝܕܶܗ.
ܘܢܺܝܢܘܶܐ ܠܰܝ̱ܬ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܒܰܠܚܽܘܕ ܩܶܢܛܪܽܘܢܳܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܚܰܝܠܳܐ ܦܳܘܠܺܝܛܺܝܩܳܝܳܐ، ܐܶܠܳܐ ܗܰܘܝܳܐ ܡܢܳܪܬܳܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܝܽܘܠܦܳܢܳܐ ܘܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܡܰܪܕܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܒܰܒܶܝܬ ܐܰܪ̈ܟܶܐ ܕܰܐܫܽܘܪ ܒܰܢܺܐܦܰܠ، ܕܟ݄ܬ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܐܶܒܶܗ ܥܰܣܪ̈ܳܘܰܬ ܕܰܐܠܦܰܝ̈ܶܐ ܕܰܠܽܘܚ̈ܶܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܛܺܝܢܳܐ ܒܟܬ̥ܰܒ̥ܬܳܐ ܕܰܒܣܡܳܪ̈ܶܐ ܘܟ݄ܬ ܗ̄ܘܰܝ ܠܰܗ ܣܰܗܡܳܐ ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܢܛܳܪܳܐ ܕܦܰܠܩܳܐ ܪܰܒܳܐ ܡܺܗ̄ܝ ܝܳܪܬܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܒܶܝܬ ܢܰܗܪܺܝܢ. ܘܙ݄ܕ ܦܳܣܽܘܩܳܐ ܡܫܰܡܗܳܐ ܕܦܰܝܺܫ ܢܛܺܝܪܳܐ ܒܰܒܶܝܬ̥ ܐܰܪ̈ܟܶܐ، ܗܺܝّܶܗ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܗܽܘܡܳܣܳܐ ܕܓܺܝܠܓܰܡܶܫ، ܕܟ݄ܬ ܝܳܐ ܥܰܬ݄ܩ ܗܽܘܡܳܣܳܐ ܣܳܦܪܳܝܳܐ ܘܺܝܕܺܝܥܳܐ ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܰܟܬ̥ܰܒܙܰܒܢܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܐ̱ܢܳܫܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ.
ܚܽܘܬ̥ܳܡܳܐ
ܗ̄ܰܢ ܐܰܪܒܰܥ ܐܰܪ̈ܺܝܫܟܳܝܳܬ̥ܰܢܺܝ ܡܰܚܘܶܐ ܠ݄ܗ̱ܢ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܛܘܘܳܪܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܡܰܡܠܰܟܬ̥ܳܐ ܐܳܬ̥ܽܘܪܳܝܬܳܐ ܒܗ̄ܽܘ ܚܰܝܠܳܐ ܘܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܫܽܘܫܳܛܳܐ ܒܡܶܢܝܳܢܳܐ ܕܕܳܪ̈ܶܐ، ܘܟܽܘܠ ܡܕܺܝܢ̱ܬ̥ܳܐ ܟܳܡّܰܬ̥ܠܳܐ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܡܰܫܩܠܳܐ ܚܰܕ̱ܬ̥ܳܐ ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܰܟܬ̥ܰܒܙܰܒܢܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܐܶܡܦ̊ܪܳܛܽܘܪܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ، ܘܛܪܶܐ ܠܰܗ ܡܰܥܒܕܳܢܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܪܰܒܬ̥ܳܐ ܒܺܗ̄ܝ ܐܰܪܕܶܟ̥ܠܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܘܺܗ̄ܝ ܡܰܚܳܪܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܘܺܗ̄ܝ ܡܕܰܒܪܳܢܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܘܺܗ̄ܝ ܡܰܪܕܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ.
ܘ݄ܥܰܡ ܕܫܰܦ̊ܺܝܥܺܝ ܐܰܠܦܰܝ̈ܳܐ ܕ݄ܐܫܢ̈ܶܐ، ܗܳܠ ܐܳܥܕܳܐ ܗ̄ܰܥܰܬܺܝܩ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܰܗ̄ܢ ܐܰܪ̈ܺܝܫܟܳܝܳܬ̥ܰܢܺܝ ܟܳܡܰܚܟ݄ܢ ܬܰܫܥܺܝܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܡܕܺܝܢܳܝܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܟ݄ܬ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܚܕܳܐ ܡܰܢ̱ ܡܕܺܝܢܳܝܘ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܪ̈ܰܒܶܐ ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܰܟܬ̥ܰܒܙܰܒܢܳܐ، ܘܝܳܪܬܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܟܳܡܰܘܠܦܳܐ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܥܳܠܡܳܐ ܗܳܠ ܐܰܕܝܰܘܡܰܐ.
ܥܘܼܬܵܕܵܐ
ܩܵܐ ܙܵܘܕܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܐܲܠܦܵܐ ܫܸܢܹ̈ܐ، ܡܫܘܼܢܹܐ ܠܲܝܗܝ ܡܲܠܟܹ̈ܐ ܐܵܬܘܿܖ̈ܵܝܹܐ ܠܐܵܪܸܫܟܼܵܝܬܵܐ ܕܐܸܡܦܪܵܛܘܿܪܘܼܬܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܕܝܼܢ݇ܬܵܐ ܠܲܡܕܝܼܢ݇ܬܵܐ، ܘܲܠܟܠ ܚܕܵܐ ܐܵܪܸܫܟܼܵܝܬܵܐ ܐܝܼܬ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܕܵܘܪܵܐ ܓܵܘ ܡܲܫܩܠܹ̈ܐ ܡܫܲܚܠܦܹ̈ܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܲܢܬܲܝܬܵܐ ܕܕܵܘܸܠܬܵܐ. ܘܠܵܐ ܝܗ݇ܘܵܘ ܐܲܢܹܐ ܡܕܝܼܢܵܬ̈ܵܐ ܒܲܠܚܘܿܕ ܚܲܕ݇ܟܡܵܐ ܩܸܢܛܖ̈ܘܿܢܹܐ ܠܫܘܼܠܛܵܢܵܐ، ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܝܼܗ݇ܘܵܘ ܩܸܢܛܖ̈ܘܿܢܹܐ ܣܝܵܣܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܘܲܡܕܲܒܖ̈ܵܢܘܼܬܵܢܵܝܹܐ ܘܝܘܼܠܦܵܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܘܡܲܚܵܖ̈ܵܝܹܐ، ܘܡܸܢܲܝܗܝ ܡܫܘܼܪܹܐ ܠܲܝܗܝ ܫܘܼܡܠܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܕܲܥܒܼܸܕܠܲܝܗܝ ܠܐܵܬܘܿܪ ܚܕܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܕܐܵܢܝܼ ܐܸܡܦܪܵܛܘܿܖ̈ܘܵܬܵܐ ܒܘܼܫ ܖ̈ܲܒܹܐ ܒܥܵܠܡܵܐ ܥܲܬܝܼܩܵܐ.
ܘܐܲܢܹܐ ܐܲܪܒܲܥ ܐܵܖܸ̈ܫܟܼܵܝܵܬܵܐ ܐܵܬܝܵܢܹ̈ܐ، ܡܬܲܢܘܿܝܹܐ ܝܠܲܝܗܝ ܠܬܘܼܢܝܼܬܵܐ ܕܛܘܼܘܵܪܵܐ ܕܐܸܡܦܪܵܛܘܿܪܘܼܬܵܐ ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܬܵܐ، ܡ̣ܢ ܥܸܕܵܢܵܐ ܕܲܡܫܲܬܐܲܣܬܵܗ̇ ܘܗܲܠ ܡܛܵܝܬܵܗ̇ ܠܗܵܘ ܫܵܘܦܵܐ ܒܘܼܫ ܪܵܡܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܚܲܝܠܵܗ̇.
ܐܵܫܘܿܪ... ܐܲܝܟܵܐ ܕܲܡܫܘܼܪܹܐ ܠܵܗ̇ ܐܸܡܦܪܵܛܘܿܪܘܼܬܵܐ ܐܵܪܸܫܟܼܵܝܬܵܐ ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܬܵܐ ܩܲܕ݇ܡܵܝܬܵܐ
ܡܕܝܼܢ݇ܬܵܐ ܕܐܵܫܘܿܪ ܝܼܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܗܵܝ ܐܵܪܸܫܟܼܵܝܬܵܐ ܩܲܕ݇ܡܵܝܬܵܐ ܩܵܐ ܕܵܘܸܠܬܵܐ ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܬܵܐ، ܘܡܸܢܵܗ̇ ܪܘܸܚܠܵܗ̇ ܐܸܡܦܪܵܛܘܿܪܘܼܬܵܐ ܒܫܸܡܵܗ̇ ܘܗܝܼܵܝܘܼܬܵܗ̇.
ܘܥܲܠ ܡܲܖ̈ܙܵܢܹܐ ܕܕܸܩܠܲܬ ܢܲܗܪܵܐ ܡܘܼܢܬܹܐ ܠܵܗ̇ ܡܕܝܼܢ݇ܬܵܐ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܚܲܕ݇ ܩܸܢܛܪܘܿܢ ܬܵܘܕܝܼܬܵܢܵܝܵܐ ܘܲܣܝܵܣܵܝܵܐ، ܘܲܚܦܸܩܠܵܗ̇ ܠܒܹܝܬ ܣܓܼܵܕܵܐ ܕܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ܐܵܫܘܿܪ ܕܲܛܥܸܢܵܗ̇ ܠܫܸܡܹܗ ܘܦܝܼܫܠܹܗ ܪܸܡܙܵܐ ܩܵܐ ܚܘܼܝܵܕܵܐ ܕܕܵܘܸܠܬܵܐ ܘܚܲܝܠܵܗ̇.
ܐܵܫܘܿܪ ܠܵܐ ܝܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܒܲܠܚܘܿܕ ܗܵܝ ܐܵܪܸܫܟܼܵܝܬܵܐ ܩܲܕ݇ܡܵܝܬܵܐ، ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܗܘܹܐ ܠܵܗ̇ ܠܸܒܵܐ ܪܘܼܚܵܢܵܝܵܐ ܕܐܸܡܦܪܵܛܘܿܪܘܼܬܵܐ، ܐܵܦܸܢ ܕܲܡܫܘܼܢܹܐ ܠܵܗ̇ ܐܵܪܸܫܟܼܵܝܬܵܐ ܠܲܡܕܝܼܢܵܬ̈ܵܐ ܐ݇ܚܹܖ̈݇ܢܹܐ. ܘܡܲܠܟܹ̈ܐ ܩܲܕ݇ܡܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܟܹܐ ܡܲܣܝܸܡܝܼ ܗ݇ܘܵܘ ܒܵܠܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܕܥܵܪܬܵܐ ܐܸܠܵܗ̇ ܠܲܡܫܵܘܬܘܿܦܹܐ ܓܵܘ ܛܲܟܼܣܹ̈ܐ ܬܵܘܕܝܼܬܵܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܘܲܡܚܲܕܘܿܬܹܐ ܢܵܡܘܿܣܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܫܘܼܠܛܵܢܲܝܗܝ، ܘܐܵܗܵܐ ܡܸܢܕܝܼ ܩܲܡ ܥܵܒ݂ܹܕ ܠܵܗ̇ ܚܲܕ݇ ܪܸܡܙܵܐ ܐܲܡܝܼܢܵܐ ܠܗܝܼܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܬܵܐ ܘܚܘܼܝܵܕܵܐ ܕܥܲܡܵܗ̇.
ܟܲܠܚܘܿ (ܢܲܡܪܘܿܕ)... ܡܕܝܼܢ݇ܬܵܐ ܕܬܵܘܖܹ̈ܐ ܒܓܘܼܠܦܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܐܵܪܸܫܟܼܵܝܬܵܐ ܕܐܸܡܦܪܵܛܘܿܪܘܼܬܵܐ ܒܕܵܪܵܐ ܬܫܝܼܥܵܝܵܐ ܘܲܬܡܝܼܢܵܝܵܐ ܕܩܵܕ݇ܡ ܡܵܘܠܵܕܵܐ
ܒܕܵܪܵܐ ܬܫܝܼܥܵܝܵܐ ܕܩܵܕ݇ܡ ܡܵܘܠܵܕܵܐ، ܡܘܼܥܡܸܪܹܗ ܡܲܠܟܵܐ ܐܵܫܘܿܪ ܢܵܨܸܪܦܵܠ ܬܪܲܝܵܢܵܐ ܠܲܡܕܝܼܢ݇ܬܵܐ ܕܟܲܠܚܘܿ ܘܩܲܡ ܥܵܒܼܹܕ ܠܵܗ̇ ܐܵܪܸܫܟܼܵܝܬܵܐ ܠܐܸܡܦܪܵܛܘܿܪܘܼܬܵܐ، ܩܵܐ ܕܲܡܫܲܪܹܐ ܥܲܡܵܗ̇ ܚܲܕ݇ ܡܲܫܩܠܵܐ ܚܲܕ݇ܬܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܚܲܝܠܵܐ ܘܡܲܪܘܘܿܚܹܐ ܘܡܲܢܬܲܝܬܵܐ.
ܘܲܚܒܼܸܫܠܵܗ̇ ܐܵܗܵܐ ܡܕܝܼܢ݇ܬܵܐ ܠܚܲܕ݇ ܡ̣ܢ ܕܐܵܢܝܼ ܩܲܨܖܹ̈ܐ ܡܲܠܟܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܒܘܼܫ ܬܡܝܼܗܹ̈ܐ ܓܵܘ ܥܵܠܡܵܐ ܥܲܬܝܼܩܵܐ، ܘܦܝܼܫܠܲܝܗܝ ܡܣܘܼܩܠܹ̈ܐ ܓܘܼܕܵܢܹ̈ܗ ܒܐܸܡܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܕܢܸܩܫܹ̈ܐ ܟܹܐܦܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܕܲܡܐܘܼܫܛܸܪܲܝܗܝ ܠܡܲܣܲܩ̈ܝܵܬܵܐ ܓܲܝܣܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܘܲܨܝܵܕܵܐ ܘܚܲܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܝܵܘܡܵܝܬܵܐ، ܘܗܵܪ ܒܗܵܝ ܥܸܕܵܢܵܐ ܟܠܹܐ ܠܲܝܗܝ ܬܵܘܖܹ̈ܐ ܒܓܘܼܠܦܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܥܡܵܠܝܼܩܹ̈ܐ ܐܵܘ ܓܒܼܘܿܖܹ̈ܐ ܪܵܒܵܐ ܢܛܵܪܵܐ ܠܬܲܖ̈ܥܵܢܹܐ ܕܩܲܨܖܹ̈ܐ ܘܒܵܬ̈ܲܝ ܣܓ݂ܵܕܵܐ، ܕܗܵܘܝܵܐ ܚܕܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܕܐܵܢܝܼ ܖܸ̈ܡܙܹܐ ܒܘܼܫ ܡܫܲܡܗܹ̈ܐ ܓܵܘ ܐܲܡܢܵܐ ܘܐܲܪܕܸܟܼܠܘܼܬܵܐ ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܬܵܐ.
ܘܡ̣ܢ ܕܐܵܢܝܼ ܥܸܬ̈ܩܵܗ̇ ܒܘܼܫ ܡܫܲܡܗܹ̈ܐ ܝܼܠܵܗ̇ ܩܵܝܹܡܬܵܐ ܐ݇ܟܘܿܡܬܵܐ ܕܫܸܠܡܵܢܸܨܲܪ ܬܠܝܼܬܵܝܵܐ، ܕܝܼܠܵܗ̇ ܚܕܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܕܐܵܢܝܼ ܡܲܒܘܼܥܹ̈ܐ ܬܲܫܥܝܼܬܵܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܒܘܼܫ ܐܵܢܲܢܩܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܠܲܡܦܲܪܡܲܝܬܵܐ ܕܬܲܫܥܝܼܬܵܐ ܕܡܲܕܢܚܵܐ.
ܕܘܼܪ ܫܵܪܘܿܟܝܼܢ (ܚܘܼܪܣܵܒܵܕ)... ܡܕܝܼܢ݇ܬܵܐ ܕܦܝܼܫܠܵܗ̇ ܒܢܝܼܬܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܨܝܼܦܲܪ ܐܵܪܸܫܟܼܵܝܬܵܐ ܕܓܵܘ ܐ݇ܚܲܪܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܕܵܪܵܐ ܬܡܝܼܢܵܝܵܐ ܩܵܕ݇ܡ ܡܵܘܠܵܕܵܐ
ܡܫܘܼܬܐܸܣܠܹܗ ܡܲܠܟܵܐ ܣܲܪܓܘܿܢ ܬܪܲܝܵܢܵܐ ܠܲܡܕܝܼܢ݇ܬܵܐ ܕܕܘܼܪ ܫܵܪܘܿܟܝܼܢ ܕܦܵܝܫܵܐ ܐܵܪܸܫܟܼܵܝܬܵܐ ܚܲܕܬܵܐ ܕܡܲܚܙܝܼܵܐ ܚܲܝܠܵܐ ܕܐܸܡܦܪܵܛܘܿܪܘܼܬܵܐ ܘܛܲܟܼܣܵܗ̇، ܟܲܕ ܦܝܼܫܠܵܗ̇ ܒܢܝܼܬܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܨܝܼܦܲܪ ܠܦܘܼܬ ܪܘܼܫܡܵܐ ܡܲܚܵܪܵܝܵܐ ܓܡܝܼܪܵܐ ܘܦܝܼܕܵܐ ܠܙܲܒܼܢܹܗ.
ܘܲܗܘܹܐ ܠܵܗ̇ ܦܪܝܼܫܬܵܐ ܒܫܘܼܖ̈ܵܢܵܗ̇ ܓܒܼܘܿܖܹ̈ܐ، ܘܬܲܖ̈ܥܵܢܵܗ̇ ܡܣܘܼܩܠܹ̈ܐ ܒܬܵܘܖܹ̈ܐ ܒܓܘܼܠܦܵܢܹ̈ܐ، ܘܩܲܨܪܵܗ̇ ܡܲܠܟܵܝܵܐ ܪܲܒܵܐ، ܘܥܵܠܘܿܠ̈ܵܗ̇ ܕܦܝܼܫܠܲܝܗܝ ܖ̈ܫܝܼܡܹܐ ܒܡܲܣܝܲܡܬܵܐ ܕܒܵܠܵܐ، ܘܗܵܕܟܼܵܐ ܦܝܼܫܠܵܗ̇ ܚܕܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܕܐܵܢܝܼ ܫܘܼܡܠܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܐܲܖ̈ܕܸܟ̣ܠܵܝܹܐ ܒܘܼܫ ܬܡܝܼܗܹ̈ܐ ܓܵܘ ܬܲܫܥܝܼܬܵܐ ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܬܵܐ.
ܘܐܵܦܸܢ ܕܠܵܐ ܦܝܼܫܠܵܗ̇ ܐܵܪܸܫܟܼܵܝܬܵܐ ܐܸܠܵܐ ܩܵܐ ܚܲܕ݇ܟܡܵܐ ܫܸܢܹ̈ܐ ܒܵܬܲܪ ܥܘܼܢܕܵܢܵܐ ܕܣܲܪܓܘܿܢ ܬܪܲܝܵܢܵܐ، ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܗܵܪ ܗܘܹܐ ܠܵܗ̇ ܣܲܗܵܕܬܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܣܘܼܟܵܝܵܐ ܕܐܵܬܘܿܖ̈ܵܝܹܐ ܘܲܡܨܵܝܬܲܝܗܝ ܥܲܠ ܒܢܵܝܵܐ ܡܕܝܼܢ݇ܬܵܐ ܡܲܠܟܵܝܬܵܐ ܓܡܝܼܪܬܵܐ ܓܵܘ ܚܲܕ݇ ܡܸܬܚܵܐ ܟܸܪܝܵܐ، ܘܗܲܠ ܗܵܕܝܼܵܐ ܥܸܬܩ̈ܵܗ̇ ܝܼܠܲܝܗܝ ܡ̣ܢ ܕܐܵܢܝܼ ܛܘܼܦ̮ܣܹ̈ܐ ܒܘܼܫ ܚܲܝܠܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܩܵܐ ܣܘܼܖ̈ܵܛܹܐ ܐܲܖ̈ܕܸܟܼܠܵܝܹܐ ܓܵܘ ܥܵܠܡܵܐ ܥܲܬܝܼܩܵܐ.
ܢܝܼܢܘܹܐ... ܡܲܪܓܵܢܝܼܬܵܐ ܕܐܸܡܦܪܵܛܘܿܪܘܼܬܵܐ ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܬܵܐ ܐܵܪܸܫܟܼܵܝܬܵܐ ܐ݇ܚܲܪܵܝܬܵܐ ܕܐܸܡܦܪܵܛܘܿܪܘܼܬܵܐ ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܬܵܐ
ܡܛܹܐ ܠܵܗ̇ ܐܸܡܦܪܵܛܘܿܪܘܼܬܵܐ ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܬܵܐ ܠܪܵܡܘܼܬ ܪܲܒܘܼܬܵܗ̇ ܐܝܼܡܲܢ ܕܦܝܼܫܠܵܗ̇ ܢܝܼܢܘܹܐ ܐܵܪܸܫܟܼܵܝܬܵܐ ܒܙܲܒܼܢܵܐ ܕܡܲܠܟܵܐ ܣܲܢܚܹܝܪܝܼܒܼ ܘܐܵܫܘܿܪ ܒܵܢܹܐܦܵܠ، ܟܲܕ ܦܝܼܫܠܵܗ̇ ܚܕܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܕܐܵܢܝܼ ܡܕܝܼܢܵܬ̈ܵܐ ܒܘܼܫ ܓܒܼܘܿܖܹ̈ܐ ܘܥܲܬܝܼܖܹ̈ܐ ܓܵܘ ܥܵܠܡܵܐ ܥܲܬܝܼܩܵܐ.
ܘܦܝܼܫܠܵܗ̇ ܟܪܝܼܟܼܬܵܐ ܒܫܘܼܖܹ̈ܐ ܕܡܵܛܝܼ ܠܝܘܼܪܟܼܵܐ ܕ 12 ܟܝܼܠܘܿܡܝܼܬܖܹ̈ܐ ܓܵܘܲܝܗܝ 15 ܬܲܖ̈ܥܵܢܹܐ ܓܒܼܘܿܖܹ̈ܐ، ܘܗܵܪ ܒܗܵܝ ܥܸܕܵܢܵܐ ܡܫܘܼܬܐܸܣܠܹܗ ܡܲܠܟܵܐ ܣܲܢܚܹܝܪܝܼܒܼ ܫܲܒܼܟܹ̈ܐ ܡܛܘܼܘܖܸ̈ܢܹܐ ܕܩܲܢܝܹ̈ܐ ܘܓܲܫܖܹ̈ܐ ܡܲܝܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܠܡܲܦܪܘܿܝܹܐ ܡܲܝܵܐ ܩܵܐ ܡܕܝܼܢ݇ܬܵܐ، ܘܐܵܗܵܐ ܝܼܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܚܕܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܕܐܵܢܝܼ ܬܲܖ̈ܡܝܵܬܵܐ ܡܲܚܵܖ̈ܵܝܹܐ ܒܘܼܫ ܖ̈ܲܒܹܐ ܓܵܘ ܙܲܒܼܢܹܗ.
ܘܢܝܼܢܘܹܐ ܠܵܐ ܝܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܒܲܠܚܘܿܕ ܩܸܢܛܪܘܿܢ ܩܵܐ ܚܲܝܠܵܐ ܣܝܵܣܵܝܵܐ، ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܗܘܹܐ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܠܵܗ̇ ܐܵܦ ܡܢܵܪܬܵܐ ܕܝܘܼܠܦܵܢܵܐ ܘܡܲܪܕܘܼܬܵܐ ܒܒܹܝܬ ܐܲܖ̈ܟܹܐ ܕܐܵܫܘܿܪ ܒܵܢܹܐܦܵܠ، ܕܲܚܒܼܸܫܠܹܗ ܠܥܸܣܖ̈ܵܝܹܐ ܕܐܲܠܦܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܠܘܼܚܹ̈ܐ ܛܝܼܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܨܸܨܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܘܲܫܩܸܠܠܹܗ ܣܲܗܡܵܐ ܓܵܘ ܢܛܵܪܵܐ ܠܚܲܕ݇ ܓܹܒܵܐ ܓܒܼܘܿܪܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܝܵܪܬܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܒܹܝܬ ܢܲܗܖ̈ܝܼܢ. ܘܡ̣ܢ ܒܲܝܢ ܐܵܢܝ݇ ܨܚܵܚܹ̈ܐ ܒܘܼܫ ܡܫܲܡܗܹ̈ܐ ܕܦܝܼܫܠܲܝܗܝ ܢܛܝܼܖܹ̈ܐ ܓܵܘ ܒܹܝܬ ܐܲܖ̈ܟܹܐ، ܝܼܠܹܗ ܨܚܵܚܵܐ ܕܗܘܼܡܵܣܵܐ ܕܓܸܠܓܵܡܸܫ، ܕܝܼܠܹܗ ܗܵܘ ܗܘܼܡܵܣܵܐ ܣܵܦܪܘܼܬܵܢܵܝܵܐ ܒܘܼܫ ܥܲܬܝܼܩܵܐ ܝܕܝܼܥܵܐ ܓܵܘ ܬܲܫܥܝܼܬܵܐ ܕܒܲܪܢܵܫܘܼܬܵܐ.
ܚܘܼܬܵܡܵܐ
ܐܲܢܹܐ ܐܲܪܒܲܥ ܐܵܖܸ̈ܫܟܼܵܝܵܬܵܐ ܡܲܚܙܝܼ ܛܘܼܘܵܪܵܐ ܕܕܵܘܸܠܬܵܐ ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܬܵܐ ܓܵܘ ܚܲܝܠܵܐ ܘܡܲܢܬܲܝܬܵܐ ܒܲܥܒܼܵܪܬܵܐ ܕܕܵܖܹ̈ܐ، ܟܲܕ ܟܠ ܚܕܵܐ ܡܕܝܼܢ݇ܬܵܐ ܡܘܼܡܬܸܠܠܵܗ̇ ܚܲܕ݇ ܡܲܫܩܠܵܐ ܚܲܕ݇ܬܵܐ ܓܵܘ ܬܲܫܥܝܼܬܵܐ ܕܐܸܡܦܪܵܛܘܿܪܘܼܬܵܐ، ܘܲܫܒܼܸܩܠܵܗ̇ ܫܵܘܦܵܐ ܓܒܼܘܿܪܵܐ ܓܵܘ ܐܲܪܸܕܟܼܠܘܼܬܵܐ ܘܡܲܚܵܪܘܼܬܵܐ ܘܲܡܕܲܒܪܵܢܘܼܬܵܐ ܘܡܲܪܕܘܼܬܵܐ.
ܘܐܵܦܸܢ ܕܲܥܒ݂ܸܪܲܝܗܝ ܐܲܠܦܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܕܫܸܢܹ̈ܐ، ܗܲܠ ܗܵܕܝܼܵܐ ܥܸܬܩܹ̈ܐ ܕܐܲܢܹܐ ܐܵܖܸ̈ܫܟܼܵܝܵܬܵܐ ܡܬܲܢܘܿܝܹܐ ܝܠܲܝܗܝ ܬܘܼܢܝܼܬܵܐ ܕܲܚܕܵܐ ܡܕܝܼܢܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܝܼܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܚܕܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܕܐܵܢܝܼ ܡܕܝܼܢܵܝ̈ܘܵܬܵܐ ܒܘܼܫ ܖ̈ܲܒܹܐ ܒܬܲܫܥܝܼܬܵܐ، ܥܲܡ ܝܵܪܬܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܗܲܠ ܗܵܕܝܼܵܐ ܝܲܗܒܼܘܿܠܹܐ ܝܠܵܗ̇ ܓܸܠܝܵܢܵܐ ܐܵܘ ܪܸܡܙܵܐ ܩܵܐ ܥܵܠܡܵܐ.
Introduction
For more than a thousand years, the Assyrian kings moved the capital of the empire from one city to another, with each capital playing a distinct role during a different stage of the state’s rise and prosperity. These cities were not merely seats of government; they were centers of politics, administration, learning, and engineering, and from them emerged the achievements that made Assyria one of the greatest empires of the ancient world.
The following four capitals tell the story of the development of the Assyrian Empire, from its beginnings to the height of its power.
Ashur… Where the Empire Began The First Assyrian Capital
The city of Ashur was the first capital of the Assyrian state, and it was from this city that the empire derived its name and identity. Located on the banks of the Tigris River, the city flourished as a religious and political center and was home to the temple of the god Ashur, whose name the city bore and who became a symbol of the unity and strength of the state.
Ashur was not merely the first capital; it remained the spiritual heart of the empire even after the capital was transferred to other cities. Assyrian kings continued to return there to participate in religious ceremonies and renew the legitimacy of their rule, making Ashur an enduring symbol of Assyrian identity and the unity of its people.
Kalhu (Nimrud)… The City of the Winged Bulls The Imperial Capital in the Ninth and Eighth Centuries BCE
In the ninth century BCE, King Ashurnasirpal II rebuilt Kalhu and made it the capital of the empire, marking the beginning of a new era of power, expansion, and prosperity.
The city was home to one of the greatest royal palaces of the ancient world. Its walls were decorated with hundreds of stone reliefs depicting military campaigns, hunting scenes, and daily life, while enormous winged bulls stood guard at the entrances of palaces and temples, becoming some of the most iconic symbols of Assyrian art and architecture.
Among its most famous artifacts is the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III, which is considered one of the most important historical sources for understanding the history of the ancient Near East.
Dur-Sharrukin (Khorsabad)… The City Built from Scratch The Capital in the Late Eighth Century BCE
King Sargon II founded the city of Dur-Sharrukin to serve as a new capital that would reflect the power and organization of the empire. It was built from the ground up according to a comprehensive urban and architectural plan that was highly advanced for its time.
The city was distinguished by its massive walls, gateways decorated with winged bulls, enormous royal palace, and carefully planned streets, making it one of the most remarkable architectural achievements in Assyrian history.
Although it remained the capital for only a few years after the death of Sargon II, Dur-Sharrukin stood as a testament to Assyrian ambition and their ability to construct a complete royal city within a relatively short period of time. Its remains are still regarded as one of the most outstanding examples of ancient urban planning.
Nineveh… The Jewel of the Assyrian Empire The Final Capital of the Assyrian Empire
The Assyrian Empire reached the height of its greatness when Nineveh became the capital during the reigns of Sennacherib and Ashurbanipal, transforming into one of the largest and wealthiest cities of the ancient world.
The city was surrounded by walls extending for approximately 12 kilometers and containing fifteen massive gates. King Sennacherib also constructed an advanced network of canals and aqueducts to supply Nineveh with water, making it one of the greatest engineering projects of its time.
Nineveh was not only a center of political power but also became a beacon of knowledge and culture thanks to the Library of Ashurbanipal, which contained tens of thousands of cuneiform tablets and played a major role in preserving a substantial part of Mesopotamia’s cultural heritage. Among the most famous texts preserved in the library was the Epic of Gilgamesh, regarded as one of the oldest known literary epics in human history.
Conclusion
These four capitals reflect the development of the Assyrian state across centuries of power and prosperity. Each city represented a new stage in the history of the empire and left its mark on architecture, engineering, administration, and culture.
Although thousands of years have passed, the remains of these capitals continue to tell the story of a civilization that was among the greatest in history, leaving behind a legacy that continues to inspire the world today.
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