Invention of writing

Invention of writing

The Fourth article in the Mesopotamian Influence edition of BET KANU Magazine explores the invention of writing — The revolution that changed human history. It examines how the Sumerians invented cuneiform writing, the stages of its development, and how it became a universal means of communication.

Western Syriac


ܡܰܒܥܳܢܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܟܬ̥ܰܒ̥ܬܳܐ: ܩܰܘܡܳܐ ܕ݄ܡܫܰܚܠܰܦ ܠܶܗ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܡܰܟܬ̥ܰܒܙܰܒܢܳܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܒܰܪܢܳܫܳܐ

ܡܝܨܰܘ݄ܪ ܥܳܠܡܳܐ ܕܠܳܐ ܟܬ̥ܰܒ̥ܬܳܐ ܘܠܳܐ ܐܳܬ̥ܘ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܘܠܳܐ ܣܶܓܳܠܳܐ ܕܢ݄ܛܪܺܝ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܕܽܘܟ̥ܪܳܢܳܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܒܰܪܢܳܫܳܐ. ܥܳܠܡܳܐ ܕܟ݄ܬܝܳܐ ܣܢܺܝܕܳܐ ܥܰܠ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܩܳܠܳܐ ܠܚܽܘܕܶܗ، ܐܶܒܶܗ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܡܶܠܬ̥ܳܐ ܟܳܡܺܝܬܰܘܠܕܳܐ ܘܟܳܡܰܝܬ̥ܳܐ ܒܥܰܝܢܺܝ ܙܰܒܢܳܐ.
ܒܗܰܘܟ̥ܰܐ ܥܳܠܡܳܐ، ܗ̄ܺܝ ܫܟܰܚܬܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܟܬ݂̥ܰܒ̥ܬܳܐ ܗܰܘܝܳܐ ܩܰܘܡܳܐ ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܝܽܘܠܦܳܢܳܐ ܘܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܪܶܢܝܳܐ ܘܡܫܰܚܠܰܦ ܠܶܗ ܟܽܠܳܢܳܐܺܝܬ̥ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܗܰܠܟ̥ܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܡܕܺܝܢܳܝܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܒܰܪܢܳܫܳܐ.
ܘܗܰܘܟ̥ܰܐ ܩܰܕ݄ܪ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܒܰܪܢܳܫܳܐ ܕܢܳܛ݄ܪ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܝܕܰܥܬܳܐ ܘܽܗ̄ܘ ܝܘܠܦܳܢܐ ܘܽܗ̄ܘ ܛܘܟܳܣܐ ܕܰܚܰܝ̈ܰܝܕ̥ܶܗ ܘܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܬܰܓܳܪܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܒܺܗ̄ܝ ܟܬ̥ܰܒ̥ܬܳܐ ܘܠܳܐ ܡܶܢ̱ ܦܶܡܳܐ ܠܦܶܡܳܐ.

ܡܰܒܥܳܢܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܟܬ̥ܰܒ̥ܬܳܐ:
ܗ̄ܰܫܽܘܡܪ̈ܳܝܶܐ ܣ݄ܡّܶܗ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܟܬ̥ܰܒ̥ܬܳܐ ܨܶܨܳܝܬܳܐ ܚܶܕܳܪ ܕܗ̄ܺܝ ܫܰܢ̱ܬܳܐ ܕ (3500-3200 ܩ.ܡ) ܒܰܡܕܺܝ̈ܢܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܟܺܝܫ ܘܐܽܘܪܽܘܟ، ܗܰܢܳܐ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܛܶܟܣܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܟܬ̥ܰܒ̥ܬܳܐ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܩܰܕ̱ܡܳܝܳܐ ܕܺܝܕܺܝܥ ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܰܟܬ̥ܰܒܙܰܒܢܳܐ، ܘܫܰܦ݄ܝܥܳܐ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܟܬ̥ܰܒ̥ܬܰܬ̥ܶܐ ܒ݄ܬܠܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܡܰܫܩܠ̈ܶܐ ܪܺܝܫܳܝ̈ܶܐ:

ܡܰܫܩܠܳܐ ܨܽܘܪܬܳܢܳܝܳܐ:
ܗܰܘܺܝ ܐܶܒܶܗ ܪܫܳܡܳܐ ܕܟܳܕܳܡܶܐ ܠܰܡܶܕܳܢ̈ܶܐ ܘܡ݄ܙܕܺܝ ܗ̄ܘܰܘ ܪ̈ܶܡܙܶܐ ܡܶܢܝܳܢܳܝ̈ܶܐ ܥܰܠ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܟܡܳܝܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ.

ܡܰܫܩܠܳܐ ܪܶܡܙܳܢܳܝܳܐ:
ܪܰܚ݄ܩ ܒ݄ܚܕܳܐ ܢܰܩܠܰܐ ܡܽܗ̄ܘ ܪܫܳܡܳܐ، ܘܰܪ̈ܶܡܙܶܐ ܗܰܘ݄ܢ ܙ݄ܕ ܓܕܺܝܡ̈ܶܐ، ܡܰܬ̥ܠܳܐ ܥܰܠ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܡܶܕܰܢܳܐ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܟܽܘܟܒ̥ܳܐ ܪܶܡܙܳܐ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܠܐܰܠܳܗܳܐ ܐܰܘ ܠܺܗ̄ܝ ܫܡܰܝܳܐ.

ܡܰܫܩܠܳܐ ܗܶܓܝܳܢܳܝܳܐ ܩܳܠܳܝܳܐ:
ܡܛܰܘܪܳܐ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܟܬ̥ܰܒ̥ܬܳܐ ܠܽܗ̄ܘ ܗܶܓܝܳܢܳܐ ܘܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܰܫܩܠܰܢܳܐ ܣܺܝܡ ܕܺܝܠܳܢܳܐܝܬ̥ ܡܰܢ̱ ܐܰܟܰܕ̈ܳܝܶܐ ܚܶܕܳܪ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܫܰܢ̱ܬܳܐ ܕ 2350 ܩ.ܡ، ܗ̄ܺܝ ܢܰܩܠܰܐ ܕܰܪ̈ܶܡܙܶܐ ܗܰܘ݄ܢ ܦܫܺܝ̈ܛܶܐ ܙ݄ܕ ܘܟܽܘܠ ܪܶܡܙܳܐ ܟ݄ܬ ܗ̄ܘܰܝ ܠܶܗ ܛܺܝܡܳܐ ܩܳܠܳܢܳܝܳܐ ܡܬܰܚܡܳܐ.

ܘܥܰܡ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܡܛܰܘܪܳܢܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܰܡܕܺܝܢܳܝܘ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܦܪܺܝܣܳܐ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܟܬ̥ܰܒ̥ܬܳܐ ܕܰܒ݄ܣܡܳܪ̈ܶܐ ܘܦܰܝ݄ܫ ܟܳܡ݄ܟܬ̥ܳܒ̥ܳܐ ܠܰܢܶܩܫ̈ܶܐ ܡܰܠܟܳܝ̈ܶܐ، ܫܶܕܳܪܳܐ ܕܰܗ̄ܢ ܐܶܓܪ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ، ܘܰܪ̈ܩܶܐ ܐܶܩܳܢܽܘܡܝܳܝ̈ܶܐ، ܐܳܣܝܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ، ܣܳܦܪܳܝܽܘܬ̥̥ܳܐ، ܙܪܳܥܳܐ، ܩܳܢܽܘܢ̈ܶܐ ܘܣܽܘܓ̥ܝ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܬܰܘܕܺܝܬ̥ܳܢܳܝ̈ܶܐ.

ܗ̄ܺܝ ܬܺܒܶܝܠܳܝܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܟܬ̥ܰܒ̥ܬܳܐ ܕܰܒܣܡܳܪ̈ܶܐ:
ܦܪܺܝܣܳܐ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܟܬ̥ܰܒ̥ܬܳܐ ܕܰܒܣܡܳܪ̈ܶܐ ܥܰܡ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܝܪܳܒ̥ܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܡܰܠܟܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܰܗ̄ܢ ܐܰܟܰܕ̈ܳܝܶܐ ܘܒ݄ܬ̥݄ܪ ܕܰܗ̄ܢ ܐܳܬ̥ܽܘܪ̈ܳܝܶܐ ܘܕܰܒܳܒܠܳܝ̈ܶܐ، ܘܡܰܛܝܳܐ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܠܦܶܢܝܳܬ̥̈ܳܐ ܪ̈ܘܺܝܚܶܐ ܡܽܗ̄ܘ ܥܺܝܪܰܩ ܘܐܺܝܪܰܢ ܘܬܽܘܪܟܺܝܰܐ ܘܣܽܘܪܺܝܰܐ، ܘܗܰܘܝܳܐ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܠܶܫܳܢܳܐ ܡܫܰܘܬܦܳܐ ܠܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܰܗܒ̥ܳܐ ܘܫܩܳܠܳܐ ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܥܳܠܡܳܐ ܥܰܬܺܝܩܳܐ.
ܘܗܰܘܝܳܐ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܣܬܶܝ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܠܶܫܳܢܳܐ ܬܺܒܶܝܠܳܝܳܐ ܩܰܕ̱ܡܳܝܳܐ. ܘܺܗ̄ܝ ܟܬ̥ܰܒ̥ܬܳܐ ܦܰܝܺܝܫܳܐ ܗܰܘܟ̥ܰܐ ܗܳܠ ܠܺܗ̄ܝ ܫܟܰܚܬܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܐܳܠܰܦܒܶܝܬ̥ ܕܐܽܘܓܰܪܶܝܬ ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܕܳܪܳܐ ܕ14 ܩ.ܡ.

ܗ̄ܺܝ ܬܶܩܢܺܝܩܳܝܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܟܬ̥ܰܒ̥ܬܳܐ ܨܶܨܳܝܬܳܐ:
ܡܢܩܳܫܳܐ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܥܰܠ ܠܽܘܚ̈ܶܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܛܺܝܢܳܐ ܘ݄ܒܩܰܢܝܳܐ ܕܟ݄ܬ ܠܶܗ ܪܺܝܫܳܐ ܡܬ̥ܰܠܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܣܳܝ݄ܡ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܪ̈ܶܡܙܶܐ ܕܕܳܡ݄ܢ ܗ̄ܘܰܘ ܠܨܶܨ̈ܶܐ، ܡܰܢ݄ܫܦܺܝ ܗ̄ܘܰܘ ܐܰܘ ܡܰܘܩܕܺܝ ܗ̄ܘܰܘ ܗ̄ܰܠܽܘܚ̈ܶܐ ܕܦܰܝܫܺܝ ܢܛܺܝܪ̈ܶܐ، ܘܺܗ̄ܝ ܟܬ̥ܰܒ̥ܬܳܐ ܒܰܠܚܽܘܕ ܒܺܐܝܕ̈ܶܐ ܕܰܟܰܬ̥ܳܒ̥̈ܶܐ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܥܰܠ ܕܡ݄ܚܫܳܒ̥ܺܝ ܗ̄ܘܰܘ ܡܳܪ̈ܶܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܝܺܕܰܥܬܳܐ ܩܰܕܺܝܫܬܳܐ، ܘܡܰܐܣ݄ܪܬܳܐ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܟܬ̥ܰܒ̥ܬܳܐ ܒܰܐܠܳܗܬܳܐ ܕܺܝܠܳܢܳܝܬܳܐ ܢܺܝܣܰܒܰܐ ܕܟ݄ܬ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܡܨܰܘܰܪܬܳܐ ܒܫܶܒܠܳܐ ܕܩܰܡܚܳܐ، ܗ̄ܽܘ ܡܶܕܰܢܳܐ ܡܰܚܘܶܐ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܪܳܡܽܘܬ̥ܰܝܕܰܗ.

ܚܽܘܬ̥ܳܡܳܐ:
ܗ̄ܺܝ ܟܬ̥ܰܒ̥ܬܳܐ ܚܫܺܝܒ̥ܬܳܐ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܐ̱ܟ̥ ܕܬܚܽܘܡܳܐ ܕܦܳܪܰܫ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܒܰܝܢ ܕܰܕܳܪ̈ܶܐ ܕܡܶܩ݄ܕ̱ܡ ܡܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܰܟܬ̥ܰܒܙܰܒܢܳܐ ܘܰܕܳܪ̈ܶܐ ܡܰܟܬ̥ܰܒܙܰܒܢܳܝ̈ܶܐ، ܥܰܠ ܕ݄ܢܛ݄ܪ ܠܰܗ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܝܳܪܬܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܰܡܕܺܝܢܳܝܘ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܠܰܐܠܦܰܝ̈ܳܐ ܕܐ݄ܫܢ̈ܶܐ، ܐ̱ܟ̥ ܕܰܡܕܺܝܢܳܝܘ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܒܶܝܬܢܰܗܪܺܝܢ ܘܫܰܡ ܘܺܐܝܪܰܢ ܘܡܶܨܪܶܝܢ ܘܺܗ̄ܝ ܓܳܙܰܪܬܳܐ ܕܟܪܺܝܬ ܒܝܰܘܢܳܢ، ܥܰܠ ܗܰܘܟ̥ܳܐ ܚܫܺܝܒ̥ܬܳܐ ܝܳܐ ܣܬܶܝ ܡܰܢ̱ ܥܒ̥ܳܕ̈ܶܐ ܪ̈ܰܒܶܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܒܰܪܢܳܫܳܐ، ܥܰܠ ܕܗܰܘܺܝ ܠܰܗ ܣܰܗܡܳܐ ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܒܢܳܝܳܐ ܘܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܛܽܘܘܳܪܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܡܕܺܝܢܳܝܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܒܰܪܢܳܫܳܐ.

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Eastern Syriac


ܡܲܒܥܵܢܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܲܟܬܵܒܼܬܵܐ: ܩܵܘܡܵܐ ܕܲܡܫܘܼܚܠܸܦܠܹܗ ܠܬܲܫܥܝܼܬܵܐ ܕܒܲܪܢܵܫܵܐ


ܡܨܲܠܡܸܢ ܥܵܠܡܵܐ ܕܠܲܝܬ̇ ܓܵܘܹܗ ܟܬܵܒܼܬܵܐ، ܘܠܵܐ ܐܵܬ̈ܘܵܬܵܐ، ܘܠܵܐ ܣܸܓܼܠܹ̈ܐ ܕܲܡܚܲܡܝܼ ܠܥܘܼܗܕܵܢܵܐ ܒܲܪܢܵܫܵܝܵܐ. ܥܵܠܡܵܐ ܣܢܝܼܕܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܩܵܠܵܐ ܒܲܠܚܘܿܕ، ܟܲܕ ܒܲܪ݇ܬ ܩܵܠܵܐ ܦܵܝܫܵܐ ܝܠܝܼܕܬܵܐ ܘܡܵܝܬܵܐ ܗܵܪ ܒܗܵܝ ܥܸܕܵܢܵܐ.
ܓܵܘ ܗܵܕܟܼܵܐ ܥܵܠܡܵܐ، ܡܲܫ݇ܟ̰ܲܚܬܵܐ ܕܲܟܬܵܒܼܬܵܐ ܝܼܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܩܵܘܡܵܐ ܝܘܼܠܦܵܢܵܝܵܐ ܘܪܸܢܝܵܝܵܐ ܕܲܡܫܘܼܚܠܸܦܹܗ ܠܡܹܐܙܠܵܐ ܕܲܡܕܝܼܢܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܒܲܪܢܵܫܵܝܬܵܐ ܠܥܵܠܲܡ، ܟܲܕ ܡܫܘܼܢܹܐ ܠܹܗ ܠܒܲܪܢܵܫܘܼܬܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܬܲܢܲܝܬܵܐ ܣܸܦܘܵܬܵܢܵܝܬܵܐ ܠܲܡܐܲܫܛܲܪܬܵܐ ܕܝܼܕܲܥܬܵܐ، ܘܲܡܚܲܡܲܝܬܵܐ ܕܝܘܼܠܦܵܢܹ̈ܐ، ܘܡܲܪܝܲܙܬܵܐ ܕܲܟܢܘܼܫܝܵܐ ܘܬܲܓܵܪܘܼܬܵܐ.

ܡܲܒܥܵܢܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܲܟܬܵܒܼܬܵܐ:
ܫܘܿܡܝܼܖ̈ܵܝܹܐ ܥܒܼܸܕܠܲܝܗܝ ܡܲܒܥܵܢܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܲܟܬܵܒܼܬܵܐ ܨܸܨܵܝܬܵܐ ܒܩܘܼܪܒܵܐ ܕܫܸܢܹ̈ܐ ܕ (3500-3200 ܩ.ܡ) ܓܵܘ ܡܕܝܼܢܵܬ̈ܵܐ ܕܟܝܼܫ ܘܐܘܿܪܘܿܟ، ܕܗܵܘܝܵܐ ܐܵܗܵܐ ܟܬܵܒܼܬܵܐ ܗܵܘ ܛܲܟܼܣܵܐ ܩܲܕ݇ܡܵܝܵܐ ܝܕܝܼܥܵܐ ܒܬܲܫܥܝܼܬܵܐ، ܘܲܥܒܼܸܪܵܗ̇ ܐܵܗܵܐ ܟܬܵܒܼܬܵܐ ܒܲܬܠܵܬܵܐ ܡܲܫܩܠܹ̈ܐ ܐܸܣܵܝܹ̈ܐ:

ܡܲܫܩܠܵܐ ܨܘܼܪܬܵܢܵܝܵܐ:
ܣܢܸܕܠܹܗ ܐܵܗܵܐ ܡܲܫܩܠܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܪܫܵܡܬܵܐ ܕܡܸܢܕܝܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܒܲܚܕܵܐ ܦܸܨܠܵܐ ܩܘܼܪܒܵܐ ܡܸܢܲܝܗܝ ܥܲܡ ܡܲܙܝܲܕܬܵܐ ܕܖܸ̈ܡܙܹܐ ܡܸܢܝܵܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܠܲܪܡܵܙܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܟܡܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ.
ܡܲܫܩܠܵܐ ܪܸܡܙܵܢܵܝܵܐ:
ܪܚܸܩܠܹܗ ܡ̣ܢ ܪܫܵܡܬܵܐ ܚܲܕ݇ ܪܹܫܵܝܬܵܐ، ܘܲܗܘܹܐ ܠܹܗ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܖܸ̈ܡܙܹܐ ܒܘܼܫ ܓܖ̈ܝܼܕܵܝܹܐ، ܐܲܝܟܼ ܡܲܦܠܲܚܬܵܐ ܕܟܵܘܟܼܒܼܵܐ ܠܲܪܡܵܙܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ܐܵܘ ܫܡܲܝܵܐ.
ܡܲܫܩܠܵܐ ܗܸܓܼܝܵܢܵܝܵܐ ܩܵܠܵܝܵܐ:
ܡܛܘܼܘܪܸܢܵܗ̇ ܟܬܵܒܼܬܵܐ ܠܗܸܓܼܝܵܢܹ̈ܐ، ܘܐܵܗܵܐ ܡܲܫܩܠܵܐ ܦܝܼܫܠܹܗ ܥܒܼܝܼܕܵܐ ܕܝܼܠܵܢܵܐܝܼܬ ܒܝܲܕ ܐܲܟܲܕܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܒܩܘܼܪܒܵܐ ܕܲܫܲܢ݇ܬܵܐ ܕ 2350 ܩ.ܡ، ܟܲܕ ܖܸ̈ܡܙܹܐ ܒܘܼܫ ܦܝܼܫܠܲܝܗܝ ܡܘܼܦܫܸܛܹ̈ܐ، ܘܟܠ ܚܲܕ݇ ܪܸܡܙܵܐ ܩܲܡ ܗܵܘܹܐ ܠܹܗ ܛܝܼܡܵܐ ܩܵܠܵܝܵܐ ܡܬܘܼܚܡܵܐ.
ܘܥܲܡ ܡܛܵܘܪܵܢܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܲܡܕܝܼܢܵܝ̈ܘܵܬܵܐ، ܪܘܸܚܠܲܝܗܝ ܡܲܦܠܲܚ̈ܝܵܬܵܐ ܕܲܟܬܵܒܼܬܵܐ ܨܸܨܵܝܬܵܐ ܕܚܵܒܼܫܵܐ ܪܵܒܵܐ ܓܝܼܓܼܠܹ̈ܐ، ܐܲܝܟܼ ܢܸܩܫܹ̈ܐ ܡܲܠܟܵܝܹ̈ܐ، ܡܫܲܕܲܪܬܵܐ ܕܐܸܓܖ̈ܵܬܵܐ، ܐܸܫܛܵܖܹ̈ܐ ܐܸܩܢܘܿܡܝܵܝܹ̈ܐ، ܐܵܣܝܘܼܬܵܐ، ܣܵܦܪܘܼܬܵܐ، ܙܪܵܥܬܵܐ، ܩܵܢܘܿܢܹ̈ܐ، ܘܣܘܿܓܼ̈ܝܵܬܵܐ ܬܵܘܕܝܼܬܵܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ.

ܬܹܒܼܹܝܠܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܲܟܬܵܒܼܬܵܐ ܨܸܨܵܝܬܵܐ
ܦܪܸܣܠܵܗ̇ ܟܬܵܒܼܬܵܐ ܨܸܨܵܝܬܵܐ ܥܲܡ ܪܘܵܚܬܵܐ ܕܐܸܡܦܪܵܛܘܿܖ̈ܘܵܬܵܐ ܕܐܲܟܲܕܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܘܐ݇ܚܲܪܬܵܐ ܕܐܵܬܘܿܖ̈ܵܝܹܐ ܘܲܕܒܵܒܼܹܝܠܵܝܹ̈ܐ، ܕܚܵܒܼܫܵܐ ܦܸܢ̈ܝܵܬܵܐ ܖ̈ܘܝܼܚܹܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܥܝܼܪܵܩ ܘܐܝܼܪܵܢ ܘܬܘܼܪܟܝܵܐ ܘܣܘܼܪܝܵܐ، ܘܲܗܘܹܐ ܠܵܗ̇ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܡܫܵܘܬܦܵܐ ܠܲܫܩܵܠ ܝܗܵܒܼܵܐ ܓܵܘ ܥܵܠܡܵܐ ܥܲܬܝܼܩܵܐ، ܘܦܝܼܫܠܹܗ ܐܵܗܵܐ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܗܵܘ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܬܹܒܼܹܝܠܵܝܵܐ ܩܲܕ݇ܡܵܝܵܐ، ܘܦܝܼܫܠܵܗ̇ ܗܵܕܟܼܵܐ ܗܲܠ ܡܲܒܥܵܢܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܲܟܬܵܒܼܬܵܐ ܐܘܿܓܵܪܝܼܬܵܝܬܵܐ ܒܕܵܪܵܐ ܕ 14 ܩ.ܡ.

ܬܲܩܢܝܼܩܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܲܟܬܵܒܼܬܵܐ ܨܸܨܵܝܬܵܐ
ܟܹܐ ܦܵܝܫܵܐ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܢܩܝܼܫܬܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܠܘܼܚܹ̈ܐ ܛܝܼܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܒܡܲܦܠܲܚܬܵܐ ܕܩܲܠܵܡܵܐ ܕܐܝܼܬ ܠܹܗ ܪܹܫܵܐ ܡܬܲܠܬܵܐ ܕܲܡܬܲܪܸܨ ܖܸ̈ܡܙܹܐ ܕܕܵܡܝܼ ܠܨܸܨܹ̈ܐ، ܘܐ݇ܚܲܪܬܵܐ ܟܹܐ ܦܵܝܫܝܼ ܡܘܼܒܖܸ̈ܙܹܐ ܐܲܢܹܐ ܠܘܼܚܹ̈ܐ ܐܵܘ ܡܘܼܩܕܹ̈ܐ ܕܦܵܝܫܝܼ ܨܸܘܝܹ̈ܐ ܘܲܢܛܝܼܖܹ̈ܐ، ܘܝܼܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܡܚܘܼܝܨܸܪܬܵܐ ܒܲܠܚܘܿܕ ܠܟܲܬܵܒܼܹ̈ܐ ܕܦܝܼܫܠܲܝܗܝ ܚܫܝܼܒܼܹ̈ܐ ܡܵܖ̈ܲܝ ܝܼܕܲܥܬܵܐ ܩܲܕܝܼܫܬܵܐ، ܘܦܝܼܫܠܵܗ̇ ܐ݇ܣܝܼܪܬܵܐ ܟܬܵܒܼܬܵܐ ܒܐܲܠܵܗܬܵܐ ܕܝܼܠܵܢܵܝܬܵܐ، ܗܵܝ ܕܝܼܠܵܗ̇ ܐܲܠܵܗܬܵܐ ܢܝܼܣܵܒܵܐ ܘܟܹܐ ܦܵܐܹܫ ܪܡܝܼܙܵܐ ܐܸܠܵܗ̇ ܒܫܸܒܠܬܵܐ ܕܩܲܡܚܵܐ، ܘܐܵܗܵܐ ܡܲܚܙܘܿܝܹܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܪܵܡܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܫܵܘܦܵܗ̇.

ܒܚܘܼܬܵܡܵܐ:
ܟܬܵܒܼܬܵܐ ܦܝܼܫܬܵܐ ܝܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܚܫܝܼܒܼܬܵܐ ܚܲܕ݇ ܬܚܘܼܡܵܐ ܦܵܪܫܵܢܵܐ ܒܲܝܢ ܙܲܒܼܢܹ̈ܐ ܕܩܵܕ݇ܡ ܬܲܫܥܝܼܬܵܐ ܘܙܲܒܼܢܹ̈ܐ ܬܲܫܥܝܼܬܵܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ، ܟܲܕ ܡܚܘܼܡܹܐ ܠܵܗ̇ ܠܝܵܪܬܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܲܡܕܝܼܢܵܝ̈ܘܵܬܵܐ ܠܐܲܠܦܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܕܫܸܢܹ̈ܐ، ܐܲܝܟܼ ܡܕܝܼܢܵܝ̈ܘܵܬܵܐ ܕܒܹܝܬ ܢܲܗܖ̈ܝܼܢ ܘܫܵܡ ܘܐܝܼܪܵܢ ܘܡܸܨܪܝܼܢ ܘܓܵܙܲܪܬܵܐ ܕܲܟܪܝܼܬ ܒܝܘܿܢܵܢ، ܠܗܵܕܟܼܵܐ ܚܫܝܼܒܼܬܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ̇ ܚܲܕ݇ ܡ̣ܢ ܕܐܵܢܝܼ ܫܘܼܡܠܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܒܘܼܫ ܖ̈ܲܒܹܐ ܕܒܲܪܢܵܫܵܐ، ܟܲܕ ܡܨܹܐ ܠܵܗ̇ ܕܲܡܚܲܡܝܵܐ ܠܝܼܕܲܥܬܵܐ ܘܲܡܫܲܢܝܵܐ ܠܵܗ̇ ܩܵܐ ܝܘܼܒܵܠܹ̈ܐ، ܘܲܫܩܸܠܠܵܗ̇ ܣܲܗܡܵܐ ܓܵܘ ܒܢܵܝܵܐ ܡܕܝܼܢܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܒܲܪܢܵܫܵܝܬܵܐ ܘܲܡܛܵܘܪܲܢܬܵܗ̇.

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Invention of writing


Imagine a world without writing, without letters, and without records to preserve human memory. A world in which a word was born and died in the very same moment. In such a world, the invention of writing was a scientific and intellectual revolution that changed the course of human civilization forever. It moved humanity from relying on oral traditions to documenting knowledge, preserving sciences, and organizing society and trade. The Invention of Writing The Sumerians invented cuneiform writing around 3500–3200 BCE in the cities of Kish and Uruk, making it the earliest known writing system in history. Cuneiform writing went through three fundamental stages: 1. The Pictographic Stage Writing initially relied on simplified drawings of objects, accompanied by numerical symbols to indicate quantities. 2. The Symbolic Stage Writing gradually moved away from direct representations of objects, and the signs became increasingly abstract. For example, the star symbol could be used to represent a deity or the sky. 3. The Phonetic-Syllabic Stage The system evolved to represent spoken syllables, particularly through the work of the Akkadians around 2350 BCE. The signs were simplified, and each symbol acquired a specific phonetic value. As civilizations developed, the uses of cuneiform expanded to include numerous fields, such as royal inscriptions, correspondence, economic documents, medicine, literature, agriculture, laws, and religious hymns. The Global Reach of Cuneiform Cuneiform spread with the expansion of the Akkadian, Assyrian, and Babylonian empires, reaching vast areas of Iraq, Iran, Turkey, and Syria. It became a common means of communication throughout the ancient world, functioning in many respects as one of the earliest widely shared written languages of international communication. It remained in widespread use until the emergence of the Ugaritic alphabet in the 14th century BCE. The Technology of Cuneiform Writing Cuneiform was inscribed on clay tablets using a stylus with a wedge-shaped or triangular tip that produced marks resembling wedges or “nails.” The tablets were either air-dried or fired, making them hard and allowing them to survive for thousands of years. Writing was largely restricted to a specialized class of scribes, who were regarded as custodians of sacred knowledge. Writing was associated with particular deities, especially Nisaba, the goddess of writing and grain, whose symbol was an ear of grain, reflecting her high status. Conclusion Writing came to be regarded as a dividing line between prehistory and recorded history. It preserved the heritage of civilizations for thousands of years, from Mesopotamia, the Levant, Iran, and Egypt to the island of Crete in Greece. For this reason, writing is considered one of humanity’s greatest achievements. It made it possible to preserve knowledge and transmit it across generations, contributing fundamentally to the building and development of human civilization.

Western

  • Author : MARIAM BARSOUM
  • Design & Layout : MERAY YOUSSEF - GABI MALKI
  • Content Editor : RAMIA AHI
  • Syriac Translation & Transcription : ANTONI KORIEH
  • Syriac Orthography Editor : DR. ABDUL MASSIH SAADI
  • Voice Over : MARIAM BARSOUM
  • Technical Lead : AMMAR YOSEF
  • Project Manager : DILAMA MALKI
  • Marketing Designer : MERAY YOUSSEF
  • Marketing Coordinator : SAMIR SHAMOUN
  • General Supervision : AKKAD SAADI

Eastern

  • Author : MARIAM BARSOUM
  • Design & Layout : MERAY YOUSSEF - GABI MALKI
  • Content Editor : RAMIA AHI
  • Syriac Translation & Transcription : YOUSIP AUDESHO
  • Eastern Supervision : RAMINA SAMUEL
  • Voice Over : YOUSIP AUDESHO
  • Technical Lead : AMMAR YOSEF
  • Project Manager : DILAMA MALKI
  • Marketing Designer : MERAY YOUSSEF
  • Marketing Coordinator : SAMIR SHAMOUN
  • General Supervision : AKKAD SAADI

English

  • Author : MARIAM BARSOUM
  • Design & Layout : MERAY YOUSSEF - GABI MALKI
  • Content Editor : RAMIA AHI
  • Syriac Translation & Transcription : ANTONI KORIEH
  • Syriac Orthography Editor : DR. ABDUL MASSIH SAADI
  • Voice Over : MARIAM BARSOUM
  • Technical Lead : AMMAR YOSEF
  • Project Manager : DILAMA MALKI
  • Marketing Designer : MERAY YOUSSEF
  • Marketing Coordinator : SAMIR SHAMOUN
  • General Supervision : AKKAD SAADI