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The first article in BET KANU Magazine, under The Mesopotamian Influence edition, explores the Code of Hammurabi—examining its discovery, structure, and foundational principles, as well as its lasting impact on the global legal tradition.
ܗ̄ܽܘ ܢܳܡܽܘܣܳܐ ܕ݄ܡܫܰܚܠܰܦ ܠܶܗ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܥܳܠܡܳܐ ܥܰܬܝܩܳܐ
ܥܽܘܬܳܕܳܐ
ܗ̄ܽܘ ܩܳܢܽܘܢܳܐ ܕܚܰܡܽܘܪܰܒܺܝ ܚܫܺܝܒ̥ܐ ܝܳܐ ܥܰܬ݄ܩ ܩܳܢܽܘܢܳܐ ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܰܟܬ̥ܰܒܙܰܒܢܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܢܳܫܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ. ܣܺܝܡ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܩܳܢܽܘܢܰܢܳܐ ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܙܰܒܢܳܐ ܕܡܰܠܟܳܐ ܚܰܡܽܘܪܰܒܺܝ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܡܰܠܟܳܐ ܫܬܺܝܬ̥ܳܝܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܫܶܫܰܠܬܳܐ ܕܒܳܒܶܠ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܩܰܕ̱ܡܰܝܬܳܐ، ܕܕ݄ܢ ܠܶܗ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܡܕ̥ܝܢ̱ܬܳܐ ܕܒܳܒܶܠ ܒܰܝܢ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܫܰܢ̱ܬܳܐ ܕ 1792 ܘܠ 1750 ܩ.ܡ.
ܚܰܡܽܘܪܰܒܺܝ ܟܬ̥ܽܒ̥ ܠܶܗ ܗ̄ܰܩܳܢܽܘܢ̈ܶܐ ܩܰܕ̱ܡܳܝ̈ܶܐ ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܰܟܬ̥ܰܒܙܰܒܢܳܐ؟
ܓ̥ܰܠܰܒܶܐ ܢܶܝ ܕܟܳܚ݄ܫܒ̥ܝ ܗܰܘܟ̥ܰܐ، ܐܶܠܳܐ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܩܳܢܽܘܢܳܐ ܕܚܰܡܽܘܪܰܒܺܝ ܠܰܝ̱ܬ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܩܳܢܽܘܢܳܐ ܩܰܕ̱ܡܳܝܳܐ ܟܬ̥ܺܝܒ̥ܳܐ ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܰܟܬ̥ܰܒܙܰܒܢܳܐ.
ܟ݄ܬ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܡܶܩ݄ܕ̱ܡ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܩܳܢܽܘܢܳܐ ܕܐܘܪܢܰܡܘ ܘܕܠܶܒܝܬ ܥܫܬܰܪ ܘܐܶܫܢܽܘܢܰܐ. ܐܶܠܳܐ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܩܳܢܽܘܢܳܐ ܕܚܰܡܽܘܪܰܒܺܝ ܕܺܝܠܳܢܳܝܳܐ ܝܳܐ ܒܺܗ̄ܝ ܟܰܡܺܝܠܽܘܬ̥ܰܝܕܶܗ ܘܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܒܶܢܝܳܢܰܝܕܶܗ ܐܰܘܟܺܝܬ ܠܳܘܓܺܝܩܳܝܳܐ ܝܳܐ ܘܠܺܗ̄ܝ ܪܘܺܝܚܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܰܡܠܽܘ̈ܐܶܐ ܡܫܰܚܠܦ̈ܶܐ.
ܫܟܰܚܬܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܩܳܝܶܡܬܳܐ
ܗ̄ܽܘ ܩܳܢܽܘܢܰܢܳܐ ܢܩܺܝܫܳܐ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܥܰܠ ܩܳܝܶܡܬܳܐ ܡܶܢ̱ ܕܝܘܿܪܝܼܬ ܟܳܡܳܐ، ܘܗ̄ܽܘ ܝܽܘܪܟ̥ܰܝܕܰܗ ܠܩܽܘܪܒܳܐ ܕ2.25 ܡܶܬܪ̈ܶܐ.
ܡܬܰܚܘܝܳܐ ܡܶܢ̱ ܬܰܫܕܰܪܬܐ ܐܰܟܰܕܝܡܳܝܬܐ ܦܪܰܢܫܳܝܬܐ ܒܺܗ̄ܝ ܫܰܢ̱ܬܳܐ ܕ1901 ܘܳܐܥܕܳܐ ܡܰܚܬܬܳܐ ܝܐ ܒܰܒܶܝܬ ܥܰܬܺܝܩ̈ܶܐ ܕܠܽܘܦܶܪ ܒܦܰܪܺܝܣ. ܗ̄ܺܝ ܩܳܝܶܡܬܰܬ̥ܶܐ ܟܬ̥ܺܝܒ̥ ܐܰܥܠܰܗ 282 ܩܳܢܽܘܢ̈ܶܐ. ܡܰܗ̄ܘܟ̥ܰܐ ܟܳܡ݄ܚܫܳܒ̥ܳܐ ܨܚܳܚܳܐ ܩܳܢܽܘܢܳܝܳܐ ܟܰܡܺܝܠܳܐ ܕܡܰܛܺܝ ܠܰܢ ܡܽܗ̄ܘ ܙܰܒܢܳܐ ܥܰܬܺܝܩܳܐ
ܗ̄ܽܘ ܫܽܘܠܛܳܢܳܐ ܐܰܠܳܗܳܝܳܐ ܘܗ̄ܽܘ ܒܶܢܝܳܢܳܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܩܳܢܽܘܢܳܐ
ܥܰܠ ܪܺܝܫܶܗ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܩܳܝܶܡܬܳܐ ܟܺܝܬ ܨܽܘܪܬܳܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܰܠܟܳܐ ܚܰܡܽܘܪܰܒܺܝ ܕܟܳܡܳܝ݄ܕ ܗ̄ܰܩّܳܢܽܘܢ̈ܶܐ ܡܶܢ̱ ܐܰܠܳܗܳܐ ܫܰܡܫ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܐܰܠܳܗܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܟܺܐܢܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ، ܘܗܰܬ̥ܶܐ ܪܶܡܙܳܐ ܝܳܐ ܥܰܠ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܐܰܠܳܗܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܫܶܪܫܳܐ ܕܰܡܠܽܘ̈ܐܶܐ ܩܳܢܽܘܢ̈ܳܝܶܐ ܘܥܰܠ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܩܰܕܺܝܫܽܘܬ̥ܰܝܕܶܗ. ܘܟܳܡ݄ܦܠ݄ܓ̥ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܩܳܢܘܢܐ ܠ݄ܬܠܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܦܰܠܩ̈ܶܐ ܇ ܥܽܘܬܳܕܳܐ ܘܓܽܘܫܡܳܐ ܘܚܽܘܬܳܡܳܐ
ܚܰܡܫܳܐ ܐܶܣ̈ܶܐ ܕܰܩܳܢܽܘܢ̈ܶܐ ܕܚܰܡܽܘܪܰܒܺܝ
-ܕܺܝܢܳܐ ܘܥܽܘܩܳܒܳܐ: ܒܳܬܰܝ̈ ܕܺܝܢܳܐ، ܟܺܐܢܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ، ܦܽܘܪܥܳܢܳܐ
-ܩܳܢܽܘܢܳܐ ܕܺܐܝܩܰܪܬܳܐ: ܙܽܘܘܳܓ̥ܳܐ، ܝܽܘܬ̥ܪܳܢܳܐ، ܛܽܘܠܳܩܳܐ
-ܬܰܓܳܪܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܘܐܶܩܢܽܘܡܝܳܐ: ܡܰܗܒ̥ܳܐ ܘܫܩܳܠܳܐ، ܛܺܝܡ̈ܶܐ، ܩܨܳܨ̈ܶܐ.
-ܡܽܘܠܟܳܢܳܐ ܘܙܶܕܩ̈ܶܐ ܕܡܽܘܠܟܳܢܳܐ: ܓܢܳܒ݂ܳܐ، ܢܶܟ݂ܝܳܢܳܐ ܒܡܽܘܠܟܳܢܳܐ.
-ܬܶܫܡܶܫܬܳܐ ܓܰܝܣܳܝܬܳܐ: ܓܪܰܥܝܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ، ܣܳܗܕ̈ܘܳܬ̥ܳܐ، ܘܳܠܝ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ، ܬܶܫܡܶܫܬܳܐ، ܣܳܗܕ̈ܶܐ ܩܳܢܽܘܢܳܝ̈ܶܐ.
ܩܰܝ ܡܶܕܶܐ ܬܝܳܪܳܝܳܐ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ؟
-ܗ̄ܺܝ ܪܺܝܫܽܘܬ݂ܳܐ ܕܥܰܝܢܳܐ ܚܠܳܦ ܥܰܝܢܳܐ. ܘܡܶܕܶܐ ܩܰܪܝܒ̥ܳܐ ܕܢܳܫܳܐ ܦܳܝܫ ܙܰܟܳܝܳܐ ܗܳܠ ܕܡܺܝܕܢ.
-ܟܺܐܢܽܘܬ݂ܳܐ ܬܪܺܝܨܬܳܐ ܠܽܗ̄ܘ ܢܛܳܪܳܐ ܕܰܡܚܺܝ̈ܠܶܐ
-ܩܳܢܘܢ̈ܶܐ ܦܫܝ̈ܛܶܐ ܘܦܫܝܩ̈ܶܐ
-ܡܰܥܒܕܳܢܽܘܬ݂ܳܐ ܥܰܠ ܣܽܘܓܳܐ ܕܰܛܶܟܣ̈ܶܐ ܩܳܢܽܘܢܳܝ̈ܶܐ ܕܗܰܘ݄ܢ ܒ݄ܬ̥ܪܶܗ.
ܝܽܘܪܬ̥ܳܢܳܐ ܬܺܒܶܝܠܳܝܳܐ
ܗ̄ܽܘ ܩܳܢܽܘܢܳܐ ܕܚܰܡܽܘܪܰܒܺܝ ܡܫܰܬܰܐܣ ܠܶܗ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܐܶܣܳܐ ܩܰܕ̱ܡܳܝܳܐ ܠܽܗ̄ܘ ܩܳܢܽܘܢܳܐ ܬܺܒܶܝܠܳܝܳܐ.
ܘܗܰܘܺܝ ܠܶܗ ܕܰܘܪܳܐ ܪܺܝܫܳܝܳܐ ܠܽܗ̄ܘ ܩܽܘܝܳܡܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܟܺܐܢܽܘܬ݂ܳܐ، ܘܠܽܗ̄ܘ ܣܝܳܡܳܐ ܕܣܽܘܕܳܪܳܐ ܟܶܢܫܳܝܳܐ. ܘܗܰܘܺܝ ܫܶܬܶܐܣܬܳܐ ܠܰܛܶܟܣ̈ܶܐ ܩܳܢܽܘܢܳܝ̈ܶܐ ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܥܳܠܡܳܐ ܡܕ̥ܺܝܢܳܝܳܐ ܒܰܙܰܒܢ̈ܶܐ ܕܰܐܬ̥ܢ ܒܶܬ̥ܪܶܗ.
ܗ̄ܽܘ ܡܰܡܠܠܳܐ ܐ̱ܚܰܪܳܝܳܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܰܠܟܳܐ ܚܰܡܽܘܪܰܒܺܝ
«ܡܰܥܠܶܐ ܠܺܝ ܠܰܩܳܢܽܘ̈ܢܰܢܺܝ، ܐܳܢܳܐ ܡܰܠܟܳܐ ܚܰܟܺܝܡܐ ܚܰܡܽܘܪܰܒܺܝ، ܕܠܳܐ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܥܰܫܺܝܢܳܐ ܛܳܠ݄ܡ ܠܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܚܺܝܠܳܐ، ܘܕܡܺܝܬܰܗܘܝܳܐ ܟܺܐܢܽܘܬ݂ܳܐ ܠܽܗ̄ܘ ܝܰܬܽܘܡܳܐ ܘܠܺܗ̄ܝ ܐܰܪܡܰܠܬܳܐ. ܘ݄ܛܪܳܐ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܡܰܠܟܳܐ ܕܳܐܬ݂ܶܐ ܒ݄ܬ̥ܪ ܡܶܢܺܝ ܗܳܘܶܐ ܡܳܪܳܐ ܠܰܩّܳܢܘܢ̈ܶܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܟܺܐܢܽܘܬ݂ܳܐ ܕ݄ܢܩܺܝܫܺܝ ܠܺܝ ܥܰܠ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܩܳܝܶܡܬܰܬ̥ܶܐ
ܢܵܡܘܿܣܵܐ ܕܲܡܫܘܼܚܠܸܦܠܹܗ ܠܥܵܠܡܵܐ ܥܲܬܝܼܩܵܐ
ܥܘܼܬܵܕܵܐ
ܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܐ ܕܚܲܡܘܼܪܵܒܝܼ ܚܫܝܼܒܼܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܚܲܕ݇ ܡ̣ܢ ܕܐܵܢܝ݇ ܩܵܢܘܿܢܹ̈ܐ ܟܬܝܼܒܼܹ̈ܐ ܒܘܼܫ ܥܲܬܝܼܩܹ̈ܐ ܓܵܘ ܬܲܫܥܝܼܬܵܐ ܕܒܲܪܢܵܫܘܼܬܵܐ، ܘܦܝܼܫܠܹܗ ܡܘܼܬܒܼܵܐ ܐܵܗܵܐ ܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܐ ܒܙܲܒܼܢܵܐ ܕܡܲܠܟܵܐ ܚܲܡܘܼܪܵܒܝܼ، ܗܵܘ ܡܲܠܟܵܐ ܫܬܝܼܬܵܝܵܐ ܕܓܵܘ ܫܸܫܠܬܵܐ ܕܒܵܒܼܹܠ ܩܲܕ݇ܡܵܝܬܵܐ، ܕܲܚܟܝܼܡܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܠܲܡܕܝܼܢ݇ܬܵܐ ܕܒܵܒܼܹܠ ܒܲܝܢ ܫܸܢܹ̈ܐ ܕ 1792 ܘ 1750 ܩ.ܡ.
ܚܲܡܘܼܪܵܒܝܼ ܝܠܹܗ ܟܬܝܼܒܼܵܐ ܠܩܵܢܘܿܢܹ̈ܐ ܩܲܕ݇ܡܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܒܬܲܫܥܝܼܬܵܐ؟
ܪܵܒܵܐ ܟܹܐ ܚܵܫܒܼܝܼ ܗܵܕܟܼܵܐ، ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܐ ܕܚܲܡܘܼܪܵܒܝܼ ܠܵܐ ܝܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܗܵܘ ܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܐ ܩܲܕ݇ܡܵܝܵܐ ܟܬܝܼܒܼܵܐ ܓܵܘ ܬܲܫܥܝܼܬܵܐ، ܟܲܕ ܐܝܼܬ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܩܵܕ݇ܡ ܡܸܢܹܗ ܩܵܢܘܿܢܹ̈ܐ ܕ(ܐܘܿܪܢܲܡܘܿ) ܘܲ(ܕܠܝܼܒܝܼܬ ܥܲܫܬܵܪ) ܘ(ܐܸܫܢܘܼܢܵܐ)، ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܐ ܕܚܲܡܘܼܪܵܒܝܼ ܦܪܝܼܫܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܒܲܓܡܝܼܪܘܼܬܹܗ ܘܲܒܒܸܢܝܵܢܹܗ ܡܠܝܼܠܵܝܵܐ ܐܵܘܟܹܝܬ ܠܘܿܓܼܝܼܩܵܝܵܐ ܘܲܡܟܲܣܲܝܬܹܗ ܪܘܝܼܚܬܵܐ ܠܓܝܼܓܼܠܹ̈ܐ ܕܚܲܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܡܫܲܚܠܦܹ̈ܐ.
ܡܲܫ݇ܟ̰ܲܚܬܵܐ ܕܩܵܝܹܡܬܵܐ
ܦܝܼܫܠܹܗ ܢܩܝܼܫܵܐ ܐܵܗܵܐ ܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܚܕܵܐ ܩܵܝܹܡܬܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܕܝܘܿܪܝܼܬ ܐ݇ܟܘܿܡܵܐ، ܘܡܵܛܝܵܐ ܪܵܡܘܼܬܵܗ̇ ܠܩܘܼܪܒܵܐ ܕ 2.25 ܡܝܼܬܖܹ̈ܐ، ܘܦܝܼܫܠܵܗ̇ ܡܘܼܫ݇ܟ̰ܸܚܬܵܐ ܒܝܲܕ ܚܕܵܐ ܡܫܲܕܪܘܼܬܵܐ ܥܸܬܩܵܝܬܵܐ ܦ̮ܲܪܲܢܣܵܝܬܵܐ ܒܫܲܢ݇ܬܵܐ ܕ 1901، ܘܗܵܕܝܼܵܐ ܡܚܘܼܡܲܝܬܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ̇ ܓܵܘ ܒܹܝܬ ܥܸܬܩܹ̈ܐ ܕܠܘܼܒܼܸܪ ܓܵܘ ܦܵܪܝܼܣ. ܐܵܗܵܐ ܩܵܝܹܡܬܵܐ ܟܹܐ ܚܵܒܼܫܵܐ ܠ 282 ܡܠܘܿܐܹ̈ܐ ܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ، ܘܐܵܗܵܐ ܡܸܢܕܝܼ ܩܲܡ ܡܲܥܒܼܸܕܠܵܗ̇ ܕܗܵܘܝܵܐ ܗܵܘ ܨܚܵܚܵܐ ܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܝܵܐ ܒܘܼܫ ܓܡܝܼܪܵܐ ܒܙܲܒܼܢܵܐ ܥܲܬܝܼܩܵܐ.
ܫܘܼܠܛܵܢܵܐ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܝܵܐ ܘܒܸܢܝܵܢܵܐ ܕܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܐ
ܥܲܠ ܪܹܫ ܩܵܝܹܡܬܵܐ ܐܝܼܬ ܨܘܼܪܬܵܐ ܕܡܲܠܟܵܐ ܚܲܡܘܼܪܵܒܝܼ ܘܗܵܘ ܫܩܵܠܵܐ ܩܵܢܘܿܢܹ̈ܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ܫܲܡܸܫ، ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ܕܟܹܐܢܘܼܬܵܐ، ܘܐܵܗܵܐ ܠܲܪܡܵܙܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܫܸܪܫܵܐ ܕܐܲܢܹܐ ܡܠܘܿܐܹ̈ܐ ܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܘܥܲܠ ܩܲܕܝܼܫܘܼܬܲܝܗܝ، ܘܲܡܦܘܼܠܓܼܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܐ ܠܲܬܠܵܬܵܐ ܣܲܗܡܹ̈ܐ: ܥܘܼܬܵܕܵܐ ܘܓܘܼܫܡܵܐ ܘܚܘܼܬܵܡܵܐ.
ܚܲܡܫܵܐ ܐܸܣܹ̈ܐ ܕܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܐ ܕܚܲܡܘܼܪܵܒܝܼ:
ܓܙܵܪ ܕܝܼܢܵܐ، ܬܲܢܒܹ̈ܐ، ܒܵܬܲܝ̈ ܕܝܼܢܵܐ، ܟܹܐܢܘܼܬܵܐ، ܪܹܫܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܚܘܼܝܵܒܼܵܐ.
ܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܐ ܕܒܲܝܬܘܼܬܵܐ، ܙܘܼܘܵܓܼܵܐ، ܝܘܼܪܬܵܢܵܐ، ܛܘܼܠܵܩܵܐ.
ܬܲܓܵܪܘܼܬܵܐ ܘܐܸܩܢܘܿܡܝܵܐ، ܫܩܵܠ ܝܗܵܒܼܵܐ، ܛܝܼܡܹ̈ܐ، ܩܸܛܖܹ̈ܐ،.
ܡܘܼܠܟܵܢܵܐ ܘܙܸܕܩܹ̈ܐ ܕܡܘܼܠܟܵܢܵܐ، ܓܢܵܒܼܵܐ، ܢܸܟܼܝܵܢܵܐ ܕܥܲܠ ܡܘܼܠܟܵܢܹ̈ܐ.
ܬܸܫܡܸܫܬܵܐ ܓܲܝܣܵܝܬܵܐ، ܥܲܒܼܕܘܼܬܵܐ، ܣܵܗܕܘܼܬܵܐ، ܡܲܕܒܼܲܩ̈ܝܵܬܵܐ، ܬܸܫܡܸܫܬܵܐ، ܣܵܗܕܹ̈ܐ ܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ.
ܩܵܐ ܡܘܿܕܝܼ ܝܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܬܵܝܘܿܪܵܐ؟
ܒܲܣܢܵܕܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܪܹܫܘܼܬܵܐ ܕ(ܥܲܝܢܵܐ ܒܥܲܝܢܵܐ)، ܘܲܚܫܵܒܼܵܐ ܡܪܘܼܡܝܵܐ ܙܲܟܵܝܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܗܲܠ ܕܦܵܝܫܵܐ ܡܘܼܙܒܸܛܬܵܐ ܕܝܵܢܬܵܐ ܕܥܲܠܹܗ، ܘܟܹܐܢܘܼܬܵܐ ܬܩܘܿܠܬܵܐ ܠܲܡܚܲܡܘܿܝܹܐ ܡܚܝܼܠܹ̈ܐ، ܘܓܸܠܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܝܬܵܐ ܘܣܲܚܝܼܚܘܼܬܵܐ، ܘܡܲܥܒܕܵܢܘܼܬܹܗ ܥܲܠ ܣܲܗܡܵܐ ܙܵܘܕܵܐ ܕܛܲܟܼܣܹ̈ܐ ܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܕܒܵܬܲܪ ܡܸܢܹܗ.
ܝܘܼܪܬܵܢܵܐ ܬܹܒܼܹܝܠܵܝܵܐ
ܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܐ ܕܚܲܡܘܼܪܵܒܝܼ ܗܘܹܐ ܠܹܗ ܚܲܕ݇ ܣܲܗܡܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܒܸܢܝܵܢܵܐ ܫܲܬܐܸܣܵܝܵܐ ܩܲܕ݇ܡܵܝܵܐ ܕܲܡܬܲܚܡܲܢܬܵܐ ܕܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܐ ܬܹܒܼܹܝܠܵܝܵܐ، ܘܐܵܦ ܫܩܸܠܠܹܗ ܚܲܕ݇ ܣܲܗܡܵܐ ܓܵܘ ܡܥܲܙܙܲܬܵܐ ܕܟܹܐܢܘܼܬܵܐ ܘܲܡܛܵܝܬܵܐ ܠܛܲܟܼܣܵܐ ܟܢܘܼܫܝܵܝܵܐ، ܘܦܝܼܫܠܹܗ ܚܲܕ݇ ܐܸܣܵܐ ܥܝܵܕܵܝܵܐ ܠܚܲܕ݇ ܡܸܢܝܵܢܵܐ ܓܒܼܘܿܪܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܛܲܟܼܣܹ̈ܐ ܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܓܵܘ ܡܕܝܼܢܵܝ̈ܘܵܬܵܐ ܡܫܲܚܠܦܹ̈ܐ.
ܡܲܡܠܠܵܐ ܚܘܼܬܵܡܵܝܵܐ ܕܡܲܠܟܵܐ ܚܲܡܘܼܪܵܒܝܼ
ܡܘܼܪܸܡܠܝܼ ܠܐܲܢܹܐ ܩܵܢܘܿܢܹ̈ܐ، ܐܵܢܵܐ ܡܲܠܟܵܐ ܚܲܡܘܼܪܵܒܝܼ، ܕܠܵܐ ܛܵܠܹܡ ܚܲܝܠܵܢܵܐ ܠܲܡܚܝܼܠܵܐ، ܘܲܕܦܵܝܫܵܐ ܝܗܝܼܒܼܬܵܐ ܟܹܐܢܘܼܬܵܐ ܠܝܲܬܘܼܡܵܐ ܘܐܲܪܡܸܠܬܵܐ، ܘܛܘܼܒܼܵܐ ܕܡܲܠܟܵܐ ܕܐܵܬܹܐ ܒܵܬܲܪ ܡܸܢܝܼ ܡܲܣܝܸܡ ܒܵܠܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܬܲܢܲܝܵܬ̈ܵܐ ܕܟܹܐܢܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܦܝܼܫܠܲܝܗܝ ܢܩܝܼܫܹ̈ܐ ܥܲܠ ܐܵܗܵܐ ܩܵܝܹܡܬܵܐ.
Hammurabi’s Code is widely recognized as one of the earliest written legal codes in human history. It originated during the reign of King Hammurabi, the sixth ruler of the First Babylonian Dynasty, who governed Babylon between 1792 and 1750 BCE
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