The First Alphabet in the World

The First Alphabet in the World

The third article in the Mesopotamian Influence edition of BET KANU Magazine takes you on a fascinating journey to discover the origins of the alphabet from its earliest beginnings, its evolution from Akkadian cuneiform to the first Canaanite alphabet, and its subsequent development in Phoenicia and Aramaic, and its influence on other alphabets.

Western Syriac


ܩܰܘܡܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܐܬ̥ܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ: ܡܶܢ̱ ܐܽܘܓܰܪܝܬ ܠܳܐܠܰܦܒܶܝܬ ܬܺܒܶܝܠܳܝܬܳܐ

ܐܶܢ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܩܰܘܡܳܐ ܪܰܩܡܳܝܳܐ ܡܰܦܫܰܛ ܠܶܗ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܝܰܕܰܥܬܳܐ ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܙܰܒܢܰܝܕܰܢ ، ܟܺܝܒܰܢ ܕ݄ܐܡّܺܪ̱ܝܢܰܐ ܕܰܟܢܰܥܢܳܝ̈ܶܐ ܡܶܩ݄ܕ̱ܡ ܡܽܗ̄ܘ ܙܰܒܢܰܢܳܐ ܗ̄ܘܰܝܢܶܐ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܢܰܩܠܰܐ ܕܡܰܘܦܰܩّܶܗ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܐܳܠܰܦܒܶܝܬ ܠܽܗ̄ܘ ܥܳܠܡܳܐ
ܡܚܰܠܰܦّܶܗ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܟܬ̥ܰܒ̥ܬܳܐ ܕܰܒّ݄ܣܡܳܪ̈ܶܐ ܡܰܢ̱ ܗܶܓܝܳܢ̈ܶܐ ܥܰܣܩ̈ܶܐ ܠܺܗ̄ܝ ܦܫܺܝܛܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܰܗ̄ܢ ܐܳܬ̥ܘ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ݂، ܘܗܰܘܟ̥ܰܐ ܡܫܰܪܶܐ ܠܰܗ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܡܶܠܬ̥ܳܐ ܚܺܐܪܬܳܐ ܘܡܫܰܪܶܐ ܠܶܗ ܙܰܒܢܳܐ ܚܰܕܬ̥ܳܐ ܠܺܗ̄ܝ ܡܕܺܝܢܳܝܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܘܠܽܗ̄ܘ ܒܰܪܢܳܫܳܐ.

ܐܽܘܓ̥ܰܪܺܝܬ: ܥܰܬ݄ܩ ܐܳܠܰܦܒܺܝܬ ܟܰܡܺܝܠܬܳܐ ܘ݄ܓܡܺܝܪܬܐ
ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܣܦܳܪ ܝܰܡܳܐ ܟܢܰܥܢܳܝܳܐ، ܒܽܐܘܓܰܪܝܬ (ܬܶܠܳܐ ܕܪܺܝܫ ܫܰܡܪܳܐ ܩܰܪܝܒ̥ܳܐ ܡܺܗ̄ܝ ܠܰܕܩܺܝܰܐ)، ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܕܳܪܳܐ ܕܰܗ̄ܢ ܐܰܪܒܰܥܣܰܪ ܡܶܩ݄ܡ ܡܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܰܘܠܳܕܳܐ ܢܰܦܺܝܩܳܐ ܥܰܬ݄ܩ ܐܳܠܰܦܒܶܝܬ ܫܟܺܝܚܬܳܐ ܘܓܡܺܝܪܬܳܐ ܘܢܛܺܝܪܬܳܐ ܒܩܪܺܝܚܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܗܳܠ ܐܰܕܝܰܘܡܰܐ، ܡܛܰܘܪܳܐ ܡܰܢ̱ ܟܢܰܥܢܳܝ̈ܶܐ ܕܚܳܝ݄ܢ ܗ̄ܘܰܘ ܒܽܐܘܓ̥ܰܪܝܬ ܒܰܗ̄ܢ ܐܰܠܦܳܐ ܕܰܬܪܶܝ ܡܶܩ݄ܡ ܡܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܰܘܠܳܕܳܐ، ܘܡܺܝܕܳܐ ܡܺܗ̄ܝ ܟܬ̥ܰܒ̥ܬܳܐ ܐܰܟܰܕܳܝܬܳܐ ܗܶܓܝܳܢܳܝܬܳܐ.
ܗ̄ܺܝ ܐܳܠܰܦܒܶܝܬ ܕܽܐܘܓܰܪܝܬ ܟܺܝܬ ܐܶܒܰܗ ܬܠܶܬ̥ܺܝ ܐܳܬ̥ܘ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ، ܘܟܳܡ݄ܟܬ̥ܳܒ̥ܳܐ ܡܽܗ̄ܘ ܣܶܡܳܠܳܐ ܠܽܗ̄ܘ ܝܰܡܺܝܢܳܐ، ܘܥܰܡ ܕܟ݄ܬܝܳܐ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܛܽܘܦܣܰܝܕܰܗ ܕܰܒّ݄ܣܡܳܪ̈ܶܐ ܘܟܳܡ݄ܟܬ̥ܳܒ̥ܳܐ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܥܰܠ ܠܽܘܚ̈ܶܐ ܕܛܺܝܢܳܐ ܒܡܳܐܢܳܐ ܚܰܪܽܘܦܳܐ، ܐܶܠܳܐ ܠܰܝ̱ܬ ܝܳܐ ܛܶܟܣܳܐ ܗܶܓܝܳܢܳܝܳܐ ܐܟ̥ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܟܬ̥ܰܒ̥ܬܳܐ ܐܰܟܰܕܳܝܬܳܐ ܕܰܒّ݄ܣܡܳܪ̈ܶܐ، ܐܶܠܳܐ ܛܶܟܣܳܐ ܕܳܐܠܰܦܒܶܝܬ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܩܳܠܳܐ ܕܟܳܡܗܰܠ݄ܟ̥ ܥܰܠ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܩܳܢܽܘܢܳܐ ܕܟܽܘܠ ܐܳܬ̥ܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܟ݄ܝ̱ܬ ܠܰܗ ܩܳܠܳܐ.
ܘܡܰܢܩܰܨ ܠܰܗ ܗܰܘܟ̥ܰܐ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܡܶܢܝܳܢܳܐ ܕܰܪܶܡܙ̈ܶܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܟܬ̥ܰܒ̥ܬܳܐ ܡܶܢ̱ ܡܰܐܘ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܪ̈ܶܡܙܶܐ ܒܰܛܶܟܣ̈ܶܐ ܥܰܬܺܝܩ̈ܶܐ ܐܟ̥ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܐܰܟܰܕܳܝܳܐ ܘ݄ܕܗܰܘ݄ܢ ܒܰܠܚܽܘܕ ܬܠܶܬ̥ܝ ܪ̈ܶܡܙܶܐ. ܘܗܰܘܟ̥ܰܐ ܗܰܘܝܰܐ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܟܬ̥ܰܒ̥ܬܳܐ ܦܫܺܝܛܬܳܐ ܘܥܰܒ̥ܕܬܳܐ ܘܦܫܺܝܩܬܳܐ ܠܺܗ̄ܝ ܚܫܰܚܬܳܐ.
ܘܺܗ̄ܝ ܐܳܠܰܦܒܶܝܬ ܗ̄ܰܬ̥ܶܐ ܡܚܰܫܚܺܝ ܠܰܗ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܕܟ݄ܬ̥ܒ̥ܺܝ ܗ̄ܘܰܘ ܨܚܳܚ̈ܶܐ ܕܺܝܦܠܳܘ̇ܡܰܣܳܝ̈ܶܐ، ܐܶܩܳܢܽܘܡܝܳܝ̈ܶܐ، ܣܳܦܪ̈ܳܝܶܐ، ܬܰܘܕܺܝܬ̥ܳܢܳܝ̈ܶܐ، ܬܰܓܳܪ̈ܳܝܶܐ ܘܩܳܢܽܘܢܳܝ̈ܶܐ، ܘܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܶܕܰܢܳܐ ܡܰܚܘܶܐ ܠܶܗ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܫܰܘܝܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܥܶܠܰܝܬܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܡܰܪܕܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܒܺܗ̄ܝ ܡܕܺܝܢ̱ܬ̥ܳܐ.
ܗ̄ܺܝ ܐܳܠܰܦܒܶܝܬ ܗ̄ܰܬ̥ܶܐ ܫܟܺܝܚܳܐ ܒ݄ܬ̥݄ܪ ܡܺܗ̄ܝ ܫܟܰܚܬܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܕܽܘܟܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܽܐܘܓ̥ܰܪܝܬ ܒܺܗ̄ܝ ܫܰܢ̱ܬܳܐ ܕ 1928 ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܰܘܠܳܕܳܐ ܒܦܶܓܥܳܐ، ܗ̄ܺܝ ܢܰܩܠܰܐ ܕܚܰܕ̱ ܐܰܟܳܪܳܐ ܡܶܢ̱ ܣܽܘܪܝܰܐ ܡܚܶܐ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܦܰܕܳܢܰܝܕܶܗ ܒܟܶܐܦ̈ܶܐ ܕܒ݄ܬ̥ܪ ܐܰܕܺܝܥܺܝ ܕܰܟܶܐܦ̈ܰܐܢܺܝ ܦܰܠܩ̈ܶܐ ܗ̄ܘܰܝܢܶܝ ܡܶܢ̱ ܩܰܒ̥ܪ̈ܶܐ ܥܰܬܺܝ̈ܩܶܐ.
ܘ݄ܡܫܰܪܶܐ ܠ݄ܗ̄ܢ ܒ݄ܬ̥ܪ ܗ̄ܰܚܦܳܪ̈ܶܐ ܡܛܰܟܣ̈ܶܐ ܕܣܺܝܡܺܝ ܠܶܗ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܝܳܕܽܘܥܳܐ ܕܰܥܰܬܺܝܩ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܦܪܰܢܫܳܝܳܐ ܟܠܳܘܕ ܫܺܝܦܶܪ، ܘܰܐܕܝܰܘܡܰܐ ܟܺܝܬ ܟܡܳܐ ܠܽܘܚ̈ܶܐ ܐܽܘܓ̥ܰܪܺܝܬܳܝ̈ܶܐ ܢܛܺܝܪ̈ܶܐ ܒܰܒܶܝܬ ܥܰܬܺܝܩ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܡܳܬ̥ܳܢܳܝܳܐ ܒܕܰܪܡܣܽܘܩ
ܗ̄ܺܝ ܐܳܠܰܦܒܶܝܬ ܕܐܽܘܓܰܪܝܬ ܡܫܰܚܠܰܦ ܠܰܗ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܬܰܫܥܺܝܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܟܬ̥ܰܒ̥ܬܳܐ. ܗܰܘܝܳܐ ܚܰܕ̱ ܡܰܢ̱ ܛܶܟܣ̈ܶܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܟܬ̥ܰܒܬܳܐ ܕܟ݄ܬ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܙ݄ܕ ܡܫܰܘܫܛܳܐ ܘܕܰܩܺܝܩܳܐ ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܙܰܒܢܰܘܳܐ. ܗ̄ܺܝ ܐܳܠܰܦܒܶܝܬ ܗ̄ܰܬ̥ܶܐ ܗܰܘܝܳܐ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܒ݄ܬ̥ܪܟܶܢ̱ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܫܶܬܶܐܣܬܳܐ ܠܺܗ̄ܝ ܟܬ̥ܰܒ̥ܬܳܐ ܦܽܘܢܺܝܩܳܝܬܳܐ.

ܦܽܘܢܺܝ̈ܩܳܝܶܐ: ܦܪܳܣܳܐ ܕܰܗ̄ܢ ܐܳܬ̥ܘ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܥܳܠܡܳܐ ܥܰܬܺܝܩܳܐ
ܒ݄ܬ̥݄ܪ ܡܶܢ̱ ܐܽܘܓ̥ܰܪܝܬ، ܡܫܰܘܫ݄ܛܳܐ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܐܳܠܰܦܒܶܝܬ ܟܢܰܥܢܳܝܬܳܐ ܒ݄ܥܝܳܕܳܐ ܕ݄ܟܬ̥ܰܒ̥ܬܳܐ ܦܪܺܝܫܳܐ، ܘܡܰܚܘܶܐ ܠܰܗ ܒܺܗ̄ܝ ܨܽܘܪܬܳܐ ܦܽܘܢܺܝܩܳܝܬܳܐ ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܕܳܪܳܐ ܕܰܚܕܰܥܣܰܪ ܡܶܩ݄ܕ̱ܡ ܡܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܰܘܠܳܕܳܐ، ܘ݄ܦܪܺܝܣܳܐ ܡܰܢ̱ ܡܕܺܝܢ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܣܦܳܪܝܰܡܳܐ ܟܢܰܥܢܳܝܳܐ، ܕܺܝܠܳܢܳܐܺܝܬ ܔܒܶܝܠ، ܥܰܠ ܗܰܘܟ̥ܰܐ ܝܕ݄ܝܥܬܳܐ ܝܳܐ ܣܬܶܝ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܛܶܟܣܳܐ ܕ݄ܔܒܶܝܠ.
ܗ̄ܺܝ ܐܳܠܰܦܒܶܝܬ ܟ݄ܬ ܠܰܗ 22 ܐܳܬ̥ܘ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܟ݄ܬ ܢܶܝ ܝܕܺܝܥ̈ܶܐ ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܕܽܘܡܝܰܢܳܐ܇ (ܐܰܒܓܰܕ ܗܰܘܰܙ ܚ݄ܛܺܝ ܟܰܠܰܡܰܢ ܣܰܥܦܰܨ ܩܰܪܫܰܬ).
ܟܳܡ݄ܟܬ̥ܳܒ̥ܳܐ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܡܽܗ̄ܘ ܝܰܡܺܝܢܳܐ ܠܽܗ̄ܘ ܣܶܡܳܠܳܐ، ܡܫܰܡܰܗܬܳܐ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܒܺܗ̄ܝ ܦܫܺܝܛܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܘܺܗ̄ܝ ܦܫܺܝܩܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܬܽܘܠܺܝܦܰܝܕܰܗ.
ܡܰܗ̄ܘܟ̥ܰܐ ܗܰܘܝܳܐ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܓ̥ܰܠܰܒܶܐ ܠܚܺܝܡܬܳܐ ܠܰܬܰܓܳܪ̈ܶܐ ܦܽܘܢܺܝܩ̈ܳܝܶܐ ܒܰܚܙܽܘ̈ܩܝܶܐ ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܕܰܪܒܳܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܣܦܳܪܝܰܡܳܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܝܰܡܳܐ ܡܶܨܥܳܝܳܐ.
ܗ̄ܺܝ ܐܳܠܰܦܒܶܝܬ ܗ̄ܰܬ̥ܶܐ ܠܰܝ̱ܬ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܐܳܬ̥ܘ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܒܰܠܚܽܘܕ، ܐܶܠܳܐ ܛܶܟܣܳܐ ܡܶܢܝܳܢܳܝܳܐ ܟܰܡܺܝܠܳܐ ܘܓܡܺܝܪܳܐ. ܟ݄ܡܚܰܫܚܺܝ ܠ݄ܗ̄ܢ ܗ̄ܘܰܘ ܐܟ̥ ܕܡܶܢܝܳܢ̈ܶܐ ܒܕܰܖ̈ܒܳܢܶܐ ܡܫܰܚܠܦ̈ܶܐ܇ ܗ̄ܰܢܶܩܫ̈ܶܐ ܬܰܓܳܪ̈ܳܝܶܐ، ܟܰܝ̈ܠܶܐ، ܘܰܙّܰܒܢ̈ܶܐ، ܘܰܚّܽܘܫܒܳܢ̈ܶܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܗܰܠܟ̥ܳܐ ܕܰܟܘܟܒ̥̈ܶܐ، ܘܺܗ̄ܝ ܡܕܰܒܪܳܢܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܘܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܰܗܒ̥ܳܐ ܘܽܗ̄ܘ ܫܩܳܠܳܐ.
ܘܥܰܡ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܪܘܳܚܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܬܰܓܳܪܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܡܰܛܝܳܐ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܐܳܠܰܦܒܶܝܬ ܦܽܘܢܺܝܩܳܝܬܳܐ ܠܰܝܰܘܢܳܝ̈ܶܐ ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܕܳܪܳܐ ܕܰܬܡܰܢܝܳܐ ܡܶܩ݄ܕ̱ܡ ܡܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܰܘܠܳܕܳܐ، ܘܬܰܡܳܐ ܣ݄ܡ ܠ݄ܗ̄ܢ ܫܽܘܚܠܳܦܳܐ ܫܶܪܫܳܝܳܐ ܕܡܰܘܙܰܕ ܠ݄ܗ̄ܢ ܗ̄ܰܙܰܘܥ̈ܶܐ، ܘܗܰܘܟ̥ܰܐ ܢܰܦܺܝܩܳܐ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܐܳܠܰܦܒܶܝܬ ܝܰܘܢܳܝܬܳܐ.
ܘܥܰܠ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܕܰܪܒܳܐ ܕܝܰܘܢܳܝ̈ܶܐ ܡܰܛܝܳܐ ܠܰܪ̈ܽܘܗ̄ܡܳܝܶܐ، ܘܡܶܢ̱ ܬܰܡܳܐ ܢܰܦܺܝܩܳܐ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܐܳܠܰܦܒܶܝܬ ܠܰܬܺܝܢܳܝܬܳܐ ܕܦܰܝܺܝܫܳܐ ܡܚܰܫܰܚܬܳܐ ܡܶܢ̱ ܣܽܘܓ̥ܳܐܐ ܕܰܠܶܫܳܢ̈ܶܐ ܕܽܐܘܪܺܝܦܺܝ ܘܰܣܛܰܪ.
ܗܺܝ ܐܳܠܰܦܒܶܝܬ ܝܳܘܢܳܝܬܳܐ ܟ݄ܬ ܗ̄ܘܰܝ ܠܰܗ ܒ݄ܬ̥ܪ ܡܰܥܒܕ̥ܳܢܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܥܰܠ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܢܦܳܩܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܐܳܠܰܦܒܶܝܬ ܟܺܝܪܺܝܠܰܝܬܳܐ ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܰܕ݄ܢܚܳܐ ܕܽܐܘܪܺܝܦܺܝ ܘܪܽܘܣܝܰܐ.

ܘܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܰܕ݄ܢܚܳܐ، ܗ̄ܰܢ ܐܳܪ̈ܳܡܳܝܶܐ ܡ݄ܕ ܠ݄ܗ̄ܢ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܣܶܪܛܳܐ ܦܽܘܢܺܝܩܳܝܐ ܘ݄ܡܫܰܘܫܰܛ ܠ݄ܗ̄ܢ ܡܽܗ̄ܘ ܫܽܘܪܳܝܳܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܕܳܪܳܐ ܕܰܬܡܰܢܝܳܐ ܡܶܩ݄ܡ ܡܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܰܘܠܳܕܳܐ.
ܘܗܰܘܝ ܠܚܺܝܡܳܐ ܙ݄ܕ ܕܡ݄ܟܬ̥ܽܒ̥ ܒܺܗ̄ܝ ܕܝܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܥܰܠ ܘܰܪܩܳܐ ܕܐܰܪܒܳܢܳܐ. ܘܗܰܘܟ̥ܰܐ ܗܰܘܝܳܐ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܟܬ̥ܰܒ̥ܬܳܐ ܐܳܪܳܡܳܝܬܳܐ ܐܟ̥ ܕܟܬ̥ܰܒ̥ܬܳܐ ܡܫܰܚܠܰܦܬܳܐ ܘܩܢܽܘܡܳܝܬܳܐ.
ܘܥܰܠ ܕܡܺܝܕ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܐܳܪܳܡܳܝܳܐ ܐܟ̥ ܕܠܶܫܳܢܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܡܕܰܒܪܳܢܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܒܰܡܰܡܠܰܟ̥ܘ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܪ̈ܰܒܶܐ ܐܟ̥ ܕܰܗ̄ܢ ܐܳܬ̥ܽܘܪ̈ܳܝܶܐ ܘܕܰܒܳܒܠܳܝ̈ܶܐ ܘܒ݄ܬ̥ܪ ܕܰܗ̄ܢ ܐܰܟ̥ܡܺܝܢܳܝ̈ܶܐ ، ܗܰܘܶܝ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܠܶܫܳܢܳܐ ܐܳܪܳܡܳܝܳܐ ܠܶܫܳܢܳܐ ܬܺܒܶܝܠܳܝܳܐ ܦܪܺܝܣܳܐ ܒ݄ܪܘܳܚܳܐ ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܰܕ݄ܢܚܳܐ ܥܰܬܺܝܩܳܐ.
ܗܰܘܺܝ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܠܶܫܳܢܳܐ ܕܰܘܰܪ̈ܩܶܐ ܪ̈ܽܘܫܡܳܝܶܐ ܘܬܺܒܶܝܠܳܝ̈ܶܐ ܘܕܺܝܦ̥ܠܳܘ̈ܡܰܣܳܝܶܐ. ܟ݄ܝܬ ܗ̄ܘܰܝ ܠܶܗ ܕܰܘܪܳܐ ܪܰܒܳܐ ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܕܳܪܳܐ ܩܰܕ̱ܡܳܝܳܐ ܕܡܶܩ݄ܡ ܡܽܗ̄ܘ ܡܰܘܠܳܕܳܐ.
ܡܰܛܺܝ ܗ̇ܘܰܐ ܗܳܠ ܡܶܨܪܶܝܢ ܘ݄ܗܳܠ ܠܗ̄ܰܦܶܢܝܳܬ̈ܳܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܗܶܢܕܽܘ. ܥܰܠ ܗܰܘܟ̥ܰܐ ܚܫܺܝܒ̥ܳܐ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܗ̄ܽܘ ܠܶܫܳܢܳܐ ܬܺܒܶܝܠܳܝܳܐ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܙܰܒܢܰܘܳܐ.
ܘܗ̄ܺܝ ܐܳܠܰܦܒܶܝܬ ܐܳܪܳܡܳܝܬܳܐ ܗܰܘܝܳܐ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܫܶܪܫܳܐ ܠܡܶܢܝܳܢܳܐ ܡܰܢ̱ ܛܶܟܣ̈ܶܐ ܡܫܰܚܠܦ̈ܶܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܟܬ̥ܰܒ̥ܬܳܐ، ܗ̄ܽܘ ܣܽܘܪܝܳܝܳܐ ܡܬܺܝܚܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܟܝܳܢܳܝܬܳܐ ܗ̄ܘܰܐ ܠܽܗ̄ܘ ܐܳܪܳܡܳܝܐ، ܘ݄ܕܡܶܢܶܗ ܢܰܦܺܝܩܳܐ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܐܳܠܰܦܒܶܝܬ ܢܰܒܰܛܳܝܬܳܐ ܕܡܶܢܰܗ ܢܰܦܺܝܩܳܐ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܥܰܪܰܒܳܝܬܳܐ، ܘܽܗ̄ܘ ܥܶܒܪܳܝܳܐ ܡܪܰܒܥܳܐ ܕܒ݄ܬ̥ܪ ܡܽܗ̄ܘ ܫܶܒܝܳܐ ܒܳܒܠܳܝܳܐ.
ܬܽܘܒ ܟ݄ܝܬ ܗ̄ܘܰܝ ܠܰܗ ܡܰܥܒܕܳܢܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܥܰܠ ܛܶܟܣ̈ܶܐ ܚܪ̈ܶܝܢܶܐ ܣܬܶܝ ܒܺܐܝܪܰܢ ܘܰܐܣܺܝܰܐ ܡܶܨܥܳܝܬܶܐ.

ܡܶܢ ܐܳܠܦ (ܐ) ܘܒܶܝܬ (ܒ) ܠ Alphabet
ܗ̄ܺܝ ܡܶܠܬ̥ܳܐ ܕ Alphabet ܕܟܳܡ݄ܬܚܰܫܚܳܐ ܒܣܽܘܓ̥ܳܐܐ ܕܰܠܶܫܳܢ̈ܶܐ ܐܽܘܪ̈ܺܝܦܳܝܶܐ، ܢܰܦܺܝܩܳܐ ܡܶܢ̱ ܬܪܶܝ ܡܶܠ̈ܶܐ ܝܰܘܢܳܝ̈ܶܐ Alpha ܘ Beta، ܕܗ݄ܢّܶܝ ܕܡܺܝܕܺܝ ܡܰܢ ܐܳܬ̥ܘ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܫܺܝܡܳܝ̈ܶܐ ܐܳܠܰܦ (ܐ) ܘܒܶܝܬ (ܒ)، ܘܗܰܘܟ̥ܰܐ ܦܰܝܺܝܫܳܐ ܗܺܝ ܡܰܥܒܕ̥ܳܢܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܐܳܬ̥ܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ ܟܢܰܥܢܳܝܬܳܐ ܡܛܰܝܰܒܬܳܐ ܒܐ݄ܫܡܶܗ ܕܽܗ̄ܘ ܛܶܟܣܳܐ ܕܺܗ̄ܝ ܟܬ̥ܰܒ̥ܬܳܐ ܗܳܠ ܐܰܕܝܰܘܡܰܐ.

ܚܽܘܬܳܡܳܐ
ܐܽܘܓ̥ܰܪܝܬ ܓܠ݄ܦ ܠܰܗ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܐܳܠܰܦܒܶܝܬ ܥܰܬܺܝܩܬܳܐ ܘܟܰܡܺܝܠܬܐ ܘܰܓܡܝܪܬܐ ܒܽܗ̄ܘ ܥܳܠܡܳܐ، ܘܗܰܘܝܳܐ ܡܫܰܘܫܰܛܬܳܐ ܘ݄ܣܩܺܝܠܬܳܐ ܡܰܢ̱ ܦܽܘܢܺܝܩܳܝ̈ܶܐ ܕܡܰܚ݄ܬ ܠ݄ܗ̄ܢ ܗ̄ܺܝ ܫܶܬܶܐܣܬܳܐ ܠܣܽܘܓ̥ܳܐܐ ܕܰܗ̄ܢ ܐܰܒܓܰܕܳܝ̈ܘܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܒ݄ܒܪܺܝܬ̥ܳܐ، ܗܳܠ ܕܡܰܛܝܳܐ ܠܺܗ̄ܝ ܐܳܪܳܡܳܝܬܳܐ ܕܡ݄ܛܝܳܐ ܠܰܗ ܠܺܗ̄ܝ ܬܺܒܶܝܠܳܝܽܘܬ̥ܳܐ.

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Eastern Syriac


ܩܵܘܡܵܐ ܕܐܵܬܘܼܬܵܐ: ܡ̣ܢ ܐܘܿܓܵܪܝܼܬ ܠܐܲܒܓܲܕܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܬܹܒܼܹܝܠܵܝܬܵܐ


ܐܸܢ ܩܵܘܡܵܐ ܪܲܩܡܵܝܵܐ ܩܲܡ ܡܲܦܫܸܛ ܠܵܗ̇ ܡܛܵܝܬܵܐ ܠܝܼܕܲܥܬܵܐ ܓܵܘ ܙܲܒܼܢܲܢ، ܡܵܨܹܝܚ ܐܵܡܪܲܚ ܕܟܲܢܥܵܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܩܕܸܡܠܲܝܗܝ ܠܙܲܒܼܢܵܐ ܐܝܼܡܲܢ ܕܝܸܗܒܼܸܠܠܲܝܗܝ ܠܥܵܠܡܵܐ ܐܲܒܓܲܕܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ.
ܡܫܘܼܢܹܐ ܠܲܝܗܝ ܠܲܟܬܵܒܼܬܵܐ ܨܸܨܵܝܬܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܗܸܓܼܝܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܥܲܣܩܹ̈ܐ ܠܲܦܫܝܼܛܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܐܵܬ̈ܘܵܬܵܐ، ܘܗܵܕܟܼܵܐ ܡܫܘܼܪܹܐ ܠܵܗ̇ ܒܲܪ݇ܬ ܩܵܠܵܐ ܚܹܐܪܬܵܐ ܘܲܡܫܘܼܪܹܐ ܠܹܗ ܙܲܒܼܢܵܐ ܚܲܕ݇ܬܵܐ ܠܲܡܕܝܼܢܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܘܲܠܒܲܪܢܵܫܵܐ.

ܐܘܿܓܵܪܝܼܬ: ܗܵܝ ܐܲܒܓܲܕܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܓܡܝܼܪܬܵܐ ܒܘܼܫ ܥܲܬܝܼܩܬܵܐ
ܥܲܠ ܡܲܪܙܵܐ ܟܲܢܥܵܢܵܝܵܐ، ܓܵܘ ܐܘܿܓܵܪܝܼܬ (ܬܸܠܵܐ ܕܪܹܫ ܫܲܡܪܵܐ ܩܘܼܪܒܵܐ ܕܠܵܕܼܩܝܼܵܐ)، ܦܠܸܛܠܵܗ̇ ܓܵܘ ܕܵܪܵܐ ܕ 14 ܩܵܕ݇ܡ ܡܵܘܠܵܕܵܐ ܗܵܝ ܐܲܒܓܲܕܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܡܘܼܫ݇ܟ̰ܸܚܬܵܐ ܒܘܼܫ ܥܲܬܝܼܩܬܵܐ ܘܲܓܡܝܼܪܬܵܐ ܢܛܝܼܪܬܵܐ ܒܓܸܠܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܗܲܠ ܗܵܕܝܼܵܐ، ܟܲܕ ܩܲܡ ܡܛܵܘܪܸܢܝܼ ܠܵܗ̇ ܟܲܢܥܵܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܕܲܚܝܹܐ ܠܲܝܗܝ ܓܵܘ ܐܘܿܓܵܪܝܼܬ ܓܵܘ ܐܲܠܦܵܐ ܬܪܲܝܵܢܵܐ ܩܵܕ݇ܡ ܡܵܘܠܵܕܵܐ، ܒܲܫܩܵܠܬܲܝܗܝ ܡ̣ܢ ܟܬܵܒܼܬܵܐ ܐܲܟܵܕܵܝܬܵܐ ܗܸܓܼܝܵܢܵܝܬܵܐ.
ܐܲܒܓܲܕܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܟܲܢܥܵܢܵܝܬܵܐ ܚܵܒܼܫܵܐ 30 ܐܵܬ̈ܘܵܬܵܐ، ܘܦܵܝܫܵܐ ܟܬܝܼܒܼܬܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܣܸܡܵܠܵܐ ܠܝܲܡܝܼܢܵܐ، ܘܐܵܦܸܢ ܕܦܸܨܠܵܗ̇ ܝܼܠܹܗ ܨܸܨܵܝܵܐ ܘܦܵܐܹܫ ܟܬܝܼܒܼܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܠܘܼܚܹ̈ܐ ܕܛܝܼܢܵܐ ܒܡܲܦܠܲܚܬܵܐ ܕܡܵܐܢܵܐ ܚܲܪܘܼܦܵܐ، ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ̇ ܛܲܟܼܣܵܐ ܗܸܓܼܝܵܢܵܝܵܐ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܟܬܵܒܼܬܵܐ ܨܸܨܵܝܬܵܐ ܐܲܟܵܕܵܝܬܵܐ، ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܝܼܠܵܗ̇ ܛܲܟܼܣܵܐ ܐܲܒܓܲܕܵܝܵܐ ܩܵܠܵܝܵܐ ܕܣܵܢܹܕ ܥܲܠ ܪܹܫܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܲܚܕܵܐ ܐܵܬܘܼܬܵܐ ܩܵܐ ܚܲܕ݇ ܩܵܠܵܐ.
ܘܡܘܼܒܨܸܪܵܗ̇ ܠܡܸܢܝܵܢܵܐ ܕܖܸ̈ܡܙܹܐ ܟܬܵܒܼܬܵܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܐܸܡܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܕܖܸ̈ܡܙܹܐ ܓܵܘ ܛܲܟܼܣܵܐ ܗܸܓܼܝܵܢܵܝܵܐ ܕܐܲܝܟܼ ܐܲܟܵܕܵܝܵܐ، ܠܲܬܠܵܬܝܼ ܖܸ̈ܡܙܹܐ ܐܲܚܟ̰ܝܼ، ܘܐܵܗܵܐ ܡܸܢܕܝܼ ܡܘܼܥܒܼܸܕܠܹܗ ܕܲܟܬܵܒܼܬܵܐ ܗܵܘܝܵܐ ܒܘܼܫ ܦܫܝܼܛܬܵܐ ܘܥܵܒܼܘܿܕܬܵܐ ܘܲܦܫܝܼܩܬܵܐ ܓܵܘ ܡܲܦܠܲܚܬܵܐ.
ܘܦܝܼܫܠܵܗ̇ ܡܘܼܦܠܸܚܬܵܐ ܐܵܗܵܐ ܐܲܒܓܲܕܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܓܵܘ ܡܐܲܫܛܲܪܬܵܐ ܕܲܨܚܵܚܹ̈ܐ ܕܸܒܠܘܿܡܵܣܵܝܹ̈ܐ، ܐܸܩܢܘܿܡܝܵܝܹ̈ܐ، ܣܵܦܖ̈ܵܝܹܐ، ܬܵܘܕܝܼܬܵܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ، ܡܣܲܙܓܲܖ̈ܝܵܬܵܐ ܬܲܓܵܖ̈ܵܝܹܐ ܘܲܨܚܵܚܹ̈ܐ ܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ، ܘܐܵܗܵܐ ܡܸܢܕܝܼ ܡܲܙܒܘܿܛܹܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܠܫܵܘܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܡܲܪܕܘܼܬܵܢܵܝܬܵܐ ܪܵܡܵܢܬܵܐ ܕܓܵܘ ܡܕܝܼܢ݇ܬܵܐ.
ܘܦܝܼܫܠܵܗ̇ ܡܘܼܫ݇ܟ̰ܸܚܬܵܐ ܐܵܗܵܐ ܐܲܒܓܲܕܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܒܵܬܲܪ ܡܲܫ݇ܟ̰ܲܚܬܵܐ ܕܕܘܼܟܬܵܐ ܕܐܘܿܓܵܪܝܼܬ ܒܫܲܢ݇ܬܵܐ ܕ 1928ܠܡܵܪܲܢ ܒܬܲܦܩܘܼ، ܐܝܼܡܲܢ ܕܲܓܫܸܦܠܹܗ ܐ݇ܒܙܵܪܵܐ ܕܚܲܕ݇ ܐܲܟܵܪܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܣܘܼܪܝܵܐ ܒܟܹܐܦܹ̈ܐ ܕܐ݇ܚܲܪܬܵܐ ܡܘܼܒܝܸܢܵܗ̇ ܕܝܼܠܲܝܗܝ ܕܒܹܝܬ ܩܒܼܘܼܪܵܐ ܥܸܬܩܵܝܵܐ، ܘܐ݇ܚܲܪܬܵܐ ܡܫܘܼܪܹܐ ܠܲܝܗܝ ܦܘܼܠܚܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܕܲܡܥܲܩܒܼܵܢܘܼܬܵܐ ܡܛܲܟܼܣܹ̈ܐ ܒܝܲܕ ܝܵܕܘܿܥܵܐ ܕܥܸܬܩܹ̈ܐ ܦ̮ܪܲܢܣܵܝܵܐ ܟܠܘܿܕ ܫܝܼܦ̮ܸܪ، ܘܐܝܼܬ ܚܲܕ݇ܟܡܵܐ ܠܘܼܚܹ̈ܐ ܐܘܿܓܵܖ̈ܝܼܬܵܝܹܐ ܗܵܕܝܼܵܐ ܡܚܘܼܡܝܹ̈ܐ ܓܵܘ ܒܹܝܬ ܥܸܬܩܹ̈ܐ ܐܲܬܪܵܝܵܐ ܒܕܲܪܸܡܣܘܼܩ (ܕܝܼܡܲܫܩ).
ܘܲܚܫܝܼܒܼܬܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ̇ ܐܲܒܓܲܕܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܐܘܿܓܵܪܝܼܬ ܚܕܵܐ ܡܫܲܢܲܝܬܵܐ ܓܵܘ ܬܲܫܥܝܼܬܵܐ ܕܲܟܬܵܒܼܬܵܐ، ܟܲܕ ܦܝܼܫܠܵܗ̇ ܚܲܕ݇ ܡ̣ܢ ܛܲܟܼܣܹ̈ܐ ܕܲܟܬܵܒܼܬܵܐ ܒܘܼܫ ܡܛܘܼܘܖܸ̈ܢܹܐ ܘܕܲܩܝܼܩܹ̈ܐ ܓܵܘ ܕܗܵܘ ܙܲܒܼܢܵܐ، ܘܲܥܒܼܸܕܠܵܗ̇ ܐܵܗܵܐ ܐܲܒܓܲܕܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܐܸܣܵܐ ܕܦܝܼܫܠܵܗ̇ ܒܢܝܼܬܵܐ ܥܲܠܹܗ ܟܬܵܒܼܬܵܐ ܦ̮ܝܼܢܝܼܩܵܝܬܵܐ ܒܵܬܲܪ ܗܵܕܲܟܼ.

ܦ̮ܝܼܢܝܼܩܵܝܹ̈ܐ: ܦܪܵܣܬܵܐ ܕܐܵܬܘܼܬܵܐ ܓܵܘ ܥܵܠܡܵܐ ܥܲܬܝܼܩܵܐ
ܒܵܬܲܪ ܐܘܿܓܵܪܝܼܬ، ܡܛܘܼܘܸܪܵܗ̇ ܐܲܒܓܲܕܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܟܲܢܥܵܢܵܝܬܵܐ ܕܐܝܼܬ ܠܵܗ̇ ܥܝܵܕܵܐ ܣܸܪܛܵܝܵܐ ܦܪܝܼܫܵܐ، ܘܡܘܼܒܝܸܢܵܗ̇ ܓܵܘ ܕܵܪܵܐ ܕܲܚܕܲܥܣܲܪ ܩܵܕ݇ܡ ܡܵܘܠܵܕܵܐ ܒܨܘܼܪܬܵܗ̇ ܦ̮ܝܼܢܝܼܩܵܝܬܵܐ، ܘܲܦܪܸܣܠܵܗ̇ ܓܵܘ ܡܕܝܼܢܵܬ̈ܵܐ ܕܡܲܪܙܵܐ ܟܲܢܥܵܢܵܝܵܐ، ܦܪܝܼܫܵܐܝܼܬ ܓ̰ܒܹܝܠ ܠܗܵܕܟܼܵܐ ܐܵܦ ܦܝܼܫܠܵܗ̇ ܝܕܝܼܥܬܵܐ ܒܛܲܟܼܣܵܐ ܕܲܓ̰ܒܹܝܠ.
ܐܵܗܵܐ ܐܲܒܓܲܕܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܐܝܼܬ ܠܵܗ̇ 22 ܐܵܬ̈ܘܵܬܵܐ ܫܸܠܝܹ̈ܐ ܕܦܝܼܫܹ̈ܐ ܝܠܲܝܗܝ ܝܕܝܼܥܹ̈ܐ ܐܵܦ ܒـ(ܐܲܒܓܲܕ ܗܲܘܲܙ ܚܸܛܝܼ ܟܸܠܡܲܢ ܣܸܥܦܲܨ ܩܸܪܫܲܬ)، ܕܦܝܼܫܠܲܝܗܝ ܟܬܝܼܒܼܹ̈ܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܝܲܡܝܼܢܵܐ ܠܣܸܡܵܠܵܐ.
ܘܐܵܗܵܐ ܐܲܒܓܲܕܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܦܪܝܼܫܬܵܐ ܝܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܒܲܦܫܝܼܛܘܼܬܵܗ̇ ܘܲܦܫܝܼܩܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܡܲܠܲܦܬܵܗ̇، ܘܐܵܗܵܐ ܡܸܢܕܝܼ ܩܲܡ ܡܲܥܒܸܕ ܠܵܗ̇ ܕܗܵܘܝܵܐ ܪܵܒܵܐ ܠܚܝܼܡܬܵܐ ܩܵܐ ܬܲܓܵܖܹ̈ܐ ܦ̮ܝܼܢܝܼܩܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܓܵܘ ܚܙܘܼܩ̈ܝܲܝܗܝ ܒܐܘܼܪܚܵܐ ܕܡܲܖ̈ܙܵܢܹܐ ܕܝܲܡܵܐ ܡܸܨܥܵܝܵܐ.

ܘܐܵܗܵܐ ܐܲܒܓܲܕܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܝܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܐܲܚܟ̰ܝܼ ܐܵܬ̈ܘܵܬܵܐ، ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܝܼܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܐܵܦ ܛܲܟܼܣܵܐ ܡܸܢܝܵܢܵܝܵܐ ܓܡܝܼܪܵܐ ܟܲܕ ܦܝܼܫܠܵܗ̇ ܡܘܼܦܠܸܚܬܵܐ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܖ̈ܲܩܡܹܐ ܓܵܘ ܓܝܼܓܼܠܹ̈ܐ ܡܫܲܚܠܦܹ̈ܐ: ܢܸܩܫܹ̈ܐ ܬܲܓܵܖ̈ܵܝܹܐ، ܬܩܵܠܵܐ، ܣܝܼܩܘܿܡܹ̈ܐ ܘܚܘܼܫܒܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܕܲܡܡܲܠܠܘܼܬ ܟܵܘܟܼܒܼܹ̈ܐ ܘܛܲܟܼܣܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܘܐܵܦ ܓܵܘ ܡܕܲܒܪܵܢܘܼܬܵܐ ܘܕܘܼܒܵܪܘܼܬܵܐ.
ܘܥܲܡ ܪܘܵܚܬܵܐ ܕܚܘܼܦܵܛܵܐ ܬܲܓܵܪܵܝܵܐ، ܡܫܘܼܢܹܐ ܠܵܗ̇ ܐܲܒܓܲܕܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܦ̮ܝܼܢܝܼܩܵܝܬܵܐ ܠܝܘܿܢܵܢ ܓܵܘ ܕܵܪܵܐ ܬܡܝܼܢܵܝܵܐ ܩܵܕ݇ܡ ܡܵܘܠܵܕܵܐ، ܘܬܵܡܵܐ ܥܒܼܸܪܹܗ ܥܲܠܵܗ̇ ܫܘܼܚܠܵܦܵܐ ܐܘܼܣܝܼܵܝܵܐ ܒܡܲܙܝܲܕܬܵܐ ܕܙܵܘܥܹ̈ܐ ܩܵܠܵܝܹ̈ܐ، ܘܗܵܕܟܼܵܐ ܦܠܸܛܠܵܗ̇ ܐܲܒܓܲܕܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܝܵܘܢܵܝܬܵܐ.
ܘܐ݇ܚܲܪܬܵܐ ܒܐܘܼܪܚܵܐ ܕܝܘܿܢܵܢ ܡܫܘܼܢܹܐ ܠܵܗ̇ ܠܖ̈ܗ݇ܘܿܡܵܝܹܐ، ܘܗܵܕܟܼܵܐ ܦܝܼܫܠܵܗ̇ ܒܢܝܼܬܵܐ ܐܲܒܓܲܕܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܠܵܬܝܼܢܵܝܬܵܐ ܕܦܵܝܫܵܐ ܡܘܼܦܠܸܚܬܵܐ ܐܸܕܝܘܿܡ ܓܵܘ ܣܲܗܡܵܐ ܙܵܘܕܵܐ ܕܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܕܝܘܿܪܘܿܦ ܘܥܵܠܡܵܐ، ܘܐܵܦ ܡܥܘܼܒܕܸܢܵܗ̇ ܐܲܒܓܲܕܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܝܵܘܢܵܝܬܵܐ ܐ݇ܚܲܪܬܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܦܠܵܛܬܵܐ ܕܐܲܒܓܲܕܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܟܝܼܪܝܼܠܵܝܬܵܐ ܓܵܘ ܡܲܕܢܚܵܐ ܕܝܘܿܪܘܿܦ ܘܓܵܘ ܪܘܼܣܝܵܐ.
ܘܓܵܘ ܡܲܕܢܚܵܐ، ܐܵܖ̈ܵܡܵܝܹܐ ܫܩܸܠܠܲܝܗܝ ܠܣܸܪܛܵܐ ܦ̮ܝܼܢܝܼܩܵܝܵܐ ܘܩܲܡ ܡܛܵܘܪܸܢܝܼ ܠܹܗ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܫܲܪܲܝܬܵܐ ܕܕܵܪܵܐ ܕܲܬܡܲܢܝܵܐ ܩܵܕ݇ܡ ܡܵܘܠܵܕܵܐ ܠܚܲܕ݇ ܦܸܨܠܵܐ ܒܘܼܫ ܦܫܝܼܛܵܐ ܘܲܠܚܝܼܡܵܐ ܠܲܟܬܵܒܼܬܵܐ ܒܲܕܝܘܿܬܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܘܲܪܵܩܵܐ ܕܐܲܪܒܼܵܢܵܐ، ܘܗܵܕܟܼܵܐ ܦܠܸܛܠܹܗ ܣܸܪܛܵܐ ܐܵܪܵܡܵܝܵܐ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܚܲܕ݇ ܢܘܼܣܚܵܐ ܡܬܘܼܪܨܵܐ ܘܫܲܠܝܼܛ ܒܝܵܬܵܐ، ܘܲܒܥܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܡܲܦܠܲܚܬܹܗ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܡܕܲܒܪܵܢܘܼܬܵܢܵܝܵܐ ܓܵܘ ܐܸܡܦܪܵܛܘܿܖ̈ܘܵܬܵܐ ܖ̈ܲܒܹܐ ܐܲܝܟܼ ܐܸܡܦܪܵܛܘܿܪܘܼܬܵܐ ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܬܵܐ ܘܒܵܒܼܹܝܠܵܝܬܵܐ ܘܐ݇ܚܲܪܬܵܐ ܐܲܟܼܡܝܼܢܵܝܬܵܐ، ܦܝܼܫܠܹܗ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܐܵܪܵܡܵܝܵܐ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܒܲܝܢܲܝ ܐܘܼܡܬܵܢܵܝܵܐ ܘܲܦܪܝܼܣܵܐ ܪܘܝܼܚܵܐܝܼܬ ܓܵܘ ܡܲܕܢܚܵܐ ܥܲܬܝܼܩܬܵܐ، ܘܐܵܦ ܦܝܼܫܠܹܗ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܕܲܫܩܵܠ ܝܗܵܒܼܵܐ ܪܘܼܫܡܵܝܵܐ ܘܒܲܝܢܲܝ ܐܘܼܡܬܵܢܵܝܵܐ ܘܕܸܒܠܘܿܡܵܣܵܝܵܐ، ܘܲܫܩܸܠܠܹܗ ܓܲܪܵܐ ܓܒܼܘܿܪܵܐ ܓܵܘ ܐܲܠܦܵܐ ܩܲܕ݇ܡܵܝܵܐ ܩܵܕ݇ܡ ܡܵܘܠܵܕܵܐ، ܘܲܡܛܲܝܒܼܘܼܬܹܗ ܗܘܹܐ ܠܵܗ̇ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܸܨܪܝܼܢ ܗܲܠ ܦܸܢ̈ܝܵܬܵܐ ܕܗܸܢܕ، ܠܗܵܕܟܼܵܐ ܦܝܼܫܠܹܗ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܬܹܒܼܹܝܠܵܝܵܐ ܕܗܵܘ ܙܲܒܼܢܵܐ.
ܘܐܲܒܓܲܕܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܐܵܪܵܡܵܝܬܵܐ ܗܘܹܐ ܠܵܗ̇ ܫܸܪܫܵܐ ܩܵܐ ܚܲܕ݇ ܡܸܢܝܵܢܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܛܲܟܼܣܹ̈ܐ ܕܲܟܬܵܒܼܬܵܐ ܐܵܬܝܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܒܵܬܪܵܗ̇، ܐܲܝܟܼ ܐܲܒܓܲܕܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܣܘܼܪܝܵܝܬܵܐ ܕܝܼܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܚܕܵܐ ܐܲܡܝܼܢܘܼܬܵܐ ܐܸܠܵܗ̇، ܘܐܲܒܓܲܕܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܢܲܒܲܛܵܝܬܵܐ ܕܲܦܠܸܛܠܵܗ̇ ܡܸܢܵܗ̇ ܥܲܪܵܒܵܝܬܵܐ، ܘܥܸܒܼܪܵܝܬܵܐ ܡܪܲܒܲܥܬܵܐ ܕܒܵܬܲܪ ܫܸܒܼܝܵܐ ܒܵܒܼܹܝܠܵܝܵܐ، ܘܐܵܦ ܡܥܘܼܒܕܸܢܵܗ̇ ܥܲܠ ܚܲܕ݇ܟܡܵܐ ܛܲܟܼܣܹ̈ܐ ܕܲܟܬܵܒܼܬܵܐ ܓܵܘ ܐܝܼܪܵܢ ܘܐܵܣܝܵܐ ܡܸܨܥܵܝܬܵܐ.

ܡ̣ܢ ܐܵܠܲܦ (ܐ) ܘܒܹܝܬ (ܒ) ܠ Alphabet
ܒܲܪ݇ܬ ܩܵܠܵܐ ܕ Alphabet ܡܘܼܦܠܸܚܬܵܐ ܓܵܘ ܣܲܗܡܵܐ ܙܵܘܕܵܐ ܕܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܝܘܿܖ̈ܘܿܦܵܝܹܐ، ܦܠܝܼܛܬܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ̇ ܡ̣ܢ ܬܲܪܬܹܝܢ ܒ̈ܢܵܬ ܩܵܠܹ̈ܐ ܝܵܘܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ Alpha ܘ Beta، ܕܝܼܠܲܝܗܝ ܫܩܝܼܠܹ̈ܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܐܵܠܲܦ (ܐ) ܘܒܹܝܬ (ܒ) ܫܹܝܡܵܝܹ̈ܐ، ܘܗܵܕܟܼܵܐ ܦܝܼܫܠܹܗ ܫܵܘܦܵܐ ܕܐܵܬܘܼܬܵܐ ܟܲܢܥܵܢܵܝܬܵܐ ܡܛܲܝܒܼܵܐ ܓܵܘ ܡܫܲܡܘܿܗܹܐ ܛܲܟܼܣܹ̈ܐ ܕܲܟܬܵܒܼܬܵܐ ܗܲܠ ܐܸܕܝܘܿܡ ܝܵܘܡܵܐ.

ܚܘܼܬܵܡܵܐ
ܐܘܿܓܵܪܝܼܬ ܓܠܸܦܠܵܗ̇ ܗܵܝ ܐܲܒܓܲܕܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܓܡܝܼܪܬܵܐ ܒܘܼܫ ܥܲܬܝܼܩܬܵܐ ܒܥܵܠܡܵܐ، ܘܐ݇ܚܲܪܬܵܐ ܦܝܼܫܠܵܗ̇ ܡܣܘܼܩܸܠܬܵܐ ܒܝܲܕ ܦ̮ܝܼܢܝܼܩܵܝܬܵܐ ܕܡܘܼܬܸܒܼܠܵܗ̇ ܐܸܣܵܐ ܩܵܐ ܣܲܗܡܵܐ ܙܵܘܕܵܐ ܕܐܲܒܓܲܕܵܝ̈ܘܵܬܵܐ، ܗܲܠ ܕܲܡܛܹܐ ܠܵܗ̇ ܥܸܕܵܢܵܐ ܕܐܵܪܵܡܵܝܬܵܐ ܕܡܘܼܡܛܹܐ ܠܵܗ̇ ܠܐܲܒܓܲܕܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܩܵܐ ܬܹܒܼܹܝܠܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ.

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English


The First Alphabet in the World


If the digital revolution has made knowledge more accessible in our age, the Canaanites were ahead of their time when they gave the world the alphabet. They transformed cuneiform writing from the complexity of syllabic signs into the simplicity of letters. Thus, the written word was set free, ushering in a new era for civilization and humanity. Ugarit: The Oldest Complete Alphabet On the Canaanite coast, at the site of Ugarit (Ras Shamra, near Latakia), the oldest fully developed alphabet yet discovered appeared in the 14th century BCE. It has been preserved in written form with remarkable clarity to this day. The Canaanites who lived in Ugarit during the second millennium BCE developed it from the syllabic Akkadian writing system. The Ugaritic alphabet consists of thirty letters and is written from left to right. Although its signs are cuneiform in appearance and were impressed on clay tablets using a pointed stylus, it is not a syllabic system like Akkadian cuneiform. Rather, it is a phonetic alphabetic system based on the principle of one sign representing one sound. It reduced the number of written signs from hundreds of symbols used in syllabic systems such as Akkadian to just thirty symbols, making writing simpler, more efficient, and easier to use. This alphabet was used to record diplomatic, economic, literary, and religious texts, as well as commercial treaties and legal documents, demonstrating the advanced cultural level of the city. The alphabet was discovered following the accidental discovery of the site of Ugarit in 1928, when the plow of a Syrian farmer struck stones that were later identified as part of an ancient burial site. This discovery was followed by systematic excavations led by the French archaeologist Claude Schaeffer. Some Ugaritic tablets are preserved today at the National Museum in Damascus. The Ugaritic alphabet represented a turning point in the history of writing. It became one of the most advanced and precise writing systems of its time and represented a foundation upon which the Phoenician writing system would later develop. The Phoenicians: Spreading the Letter Throughout the Ancient World Following Ugarit, the Canaanite alphabet developed within an independent linear writing tradition and took its recognizable Phoenician form in the 11th century BCE. It spread from the cities of the Canaanite coast, particularly Byblos, which is why it is also known as the Byblian script. The Phoenician alphabet consisted of twenty-two consonantal letters, traditionally known in the Semitic letter sequence as: Alif, Bet, Gimel, Dalet, He, Waw, Zayin, Het, Tet, Yod, Kaf, Lamed, Mem, Nun, Samekh, Ayin, Pe, Tsade, Qoph, Resh, Shin, Taw. It was written from right to left and was distinguished by its simplicity and ease of learning. This made it an ideal tool for Phoenician merchants on their journeys along the coasts of the Mediterranean. This alphabet was not merely a collection of letters. It also functioned as a complete numerical system, with its letters used as numerals in various fields, including commercial and weight inscriptions, dates, astronomical and ritual calculations, administration, and transactions. As Phoenician commercial activity expanded, the alphabet reached the Greeks in the 8th century BCE. The Greeks introduced a fundamental modification by adding vowel letters, giving rise to the Greek alphabet. From the Greek alphabet, the writing system passed to the Romans, eventually giving rise to the Latin alphabet used today in most languages of Europe and many languages around the world. Greek also later influenced the development of the Cyrillic alphabet in Eastern Europe and Russia. The Aramaeans: From the Phoenician Script to an International Language In the Near East, the Aramaeans adopted the Phoenician script and developed it beginning in the 8th century BCE into a more flowing form better suited to writing with ink on papyrus. Thus, the Aramaic script emerged as a modified and independent form. Through its adoption as an administrative language in major empires such as the Assyrian and Babylonian Empires, and later the Achaemenid Empire, Aramaic became a widely used international language throughout the ancient Near East. It became a language of official and international correspondence, diplomacy, administration, and commerce. Aramaic played a major role during the first millennium BCE, and its presence extended from Egypt to regions of India, making it one of the great international languages of its age. Aramaic also became the source of several later writing traditions. Syriac developed as a natural continuation of Aramaic, while the Nabataean script emerged from it and later gave rise to the Arabic script. The Square Hebrew script also developed from the Aramaic tradition following the Babylonian Exile. Aramaic additionally influenced the development of writing systems in Iran and Central Asia. From “Alif ܐ” and “Beth ܒ” to “Alphabet” The word “Alphabet,” used in most European languages, derives from the two Greek words Alpha and Beta. These names, in turn, were derived from the Semitic names Alif ܐ and Beth ܒ. Thus, the legacy of the Canaanite letter has remained embedded in the very name of alphabetic writing systems to this day. Conclusion Ugarit forged the oldest fully developed alphabet, the Phoenicians refined it and laid the foundation for most later alphabets, and the Aramaic alphabet carried that legacy toward international prominence. The revolution of the letter was not merely a revolution in writing; it was a revolution in the way humanity recorded knowledge, communicated across borders, and built civilization

Western

  • Author : MARIAM BARSOUM
  • Design & Layout : GABI MALKI
  • Content Editor : RAMIA AHI
  • Syriac Translation & Transcription : ANTONI KORIEH
  • Syriac Orthography Editor : DR. ABDUL MASSIH SAADI
  • Voice Over : MARIAM BARSOUM
  • Technical Lead : AMMAR YOSEF
  • Project Manager : DILAMA MALKI
  • Marketing Designers : YAKOUB TOUMA - GABI MALKI
  • Marketing Coordinator : SAMIR SHAMOUN
  • General Supervision : AKKAD SAADI

Eastern

  • Author : MARIAM BARSOUM
  • Design & Layout : GABI MALKI
  • Content Editor : RAMIA AHI
  • Syriac Translation & Transcription : YOUSIP AUDESHO
  • Eastern Supervision : RAMINA SAMUEL
  • Voice Over : YOUSIP AUDESHO
  • Technical Lead : AMMAR YOSEF
  • Project Manager : DILAMA MALKI
  • Marketing Designers : YAKOUB TOUMA - GABI MALKI
  • Marketing Coordinator : SAMIR SHAMOUN
  • General Supervision : AKKAD SAADI

English

  • Author : MARIAM BARSOUM
  • Design & Layout : GABI MALKI
  • Content Editor : RAMIA AHI
  • Syriac Translation & Transcription : ANTONI KORIEH
  • Syriac Orthography Editor : DR. ABDUL MASSIH SAADI
  • Voice Over : MARIAM BARSOUM
  • Technical Lead : AMMAR YOSEF
  • Project Manager : DILAMA MALKI
  • Marketing Designers : YAKOUB TOUMA - GABI MALKI
  • Marketing Coordinator : SAMIR SHAMOUN
  • General Supervision : AKKAD SAADI